Stigma and resultant psychosocial issues are major hurdles that people with epilepsy confront in their daily life. People with epilepsy, particularly women, living in economically weak countries are often ill equipped to handle the stigma that they experience at multiple levels. This paper offers a systematic review of the research on stigma from sociology and social psychology and details how stigma linked to epilepsy or similar conditions can result in stereotyping, prejudice and discrimination. We also briefly discuss the strategies that are most commonly utilized to mitigate stigma. Neurologists and other health care providers, social workers, support groups and policy makers working with epilepsy need to have a deep understanding of the social and cultural perceptions of epilepsy and the related stigma. It is necessary that societies establish unique determinants of stigma and set up appropriate strategies to mitigate stigma and facilitate the complete inclusion of people with epilepsy as well as mitigating any existing discrimination.

There is a positive correlation between SUA & severity of preeclampsia, and a significant adverse fetal outcome is observed with raised MSUA in preeclamptic patients.

Aim: The aim of this study was to compare the levels of salivary visfatin in healthy controls, patients with gingivitis and patients with chronic periodontitis and also to assess the outcome of scaling and root planing (SRP) on the levels of salivary visfatin in patients with gingivitis and chronic periodontitis. Materials and Methods: A total of 48 patients, both males and females, in the age group of 25–50 years were enrolled into three groups, based on their clinical parameters: Group I (Healthy controls - 16), Group II (Patients with gingivitis - 16), and Group III (Patients with chronic periodontitis - 16). Groups II and III were examined 2 months after SRP. The clinical parameters that were recorded include plaque index, modified gingival index, gingival bleeding index, pocket depth, and clinical attachment level. The samples of saliva were collected from each patient and the levels of visfatin were evaluated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit. Results: The mean concentration of salivary visfatin at baseline was found to be highest in Group III and lowest in Group I. A statistically significant reduction ( P < 0.01) in the mean concentration of salivary visfatin and the clinical parameters were observed after 2 months of SRP. Conclusion: The levels of salivary visfatin can thus be considered as an inflammatory biomarker for periodontal diseases. However, future longitudinal prospective studies are needed to support these findings.

Objective: The objective of the study was to use polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to examine and compare the genotype distribution of human papillomavirus (HPV) in oral lichen planus (OLP). Materials and Methods: Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was extracted from 20 OLP biopsy specimens. Conventional PCR assay employing consensus HPV primers was used to identify HPV DNA. Positive PCR samples were then subjected to PCR assay with HPV type-specific primers. Results: Out of the total 20 OLP specimens evaluated, eight samples (40%) were positive for HPV. Females had a 41.7% higher HPV-positive rate than males. The most common type in the HPV type-specific PCR assay was HPV-18 (75%), which is a high-risk type of HPV linked to malignant diseases. The erosive kind of OLP had the greatest percentage of HPV positives (50%). Conclusion: The present study confirms the detection of HPV in OLP lesions, as determined by PCR-coupled HPV gene sequencing, as well as its likely mechanism of malignant transformation.