Marigold (Calendula officinalis L.) is one of the most common and widespread plants used medicinally all over the world. The present study aimed to evaluate the anti-acetylcholinesterase activity of marigold flowers, detect the compounds responsible and perform chemical analysis of marigold commercial products. Analysis of 23 varieties of C. officinalis flowers introduced into Siberia allowed us to select the Greenheart Orange variety due to the superior content of flavonoids (46.87 mg/g) and the highest inhibitory activity against acetylcholinesterase (IC50 63.52 µg/mL). Flavonoids, isorhamnetin and quercetin derivatives were revealed as potential inhibitors with the application of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) activity-based profiling. Investigation of the inhibitory activity of isorhamnetin glycosides demonstrated the maximal potency for isorhamnetin-3-O-(2′′,6′′-di-acetyl)-glucoside (IC50 51.26 μM) and minimal potency for typhaneoside (isorhamnetin-3-O-(2′′,6′′-di-rhamnosyl)-glucoside; IC50 94.92 µM). Among quercetin derivatives, the most active compound was quercetin-3-O-(2′′,6′′-di-acetyl)-glucoside (IC50 36.47 µM), and the least active component was manghaslin (quercetin-3-O-(2′′,6′′-di-rhamnosyl)-glucoside; IC50 94.92 µM). Some structure-activity relationships were discussed. Analysis of commercial marigold formulations revealed a reduced flavonoid content (from 7.18–19.85 mg/g) compared with introduced varieties. Liquid extract was the most enriched preparation, characterized by 3.10 mg/mL of total flavonoid content, and infusion was the least enriched formulation (0.41 mg/mL). The presented results suggest that isorhamnetin and quercetin and its glycosides can be considered as potential anti-acetylcholinesterase agents.
The relationship between nature and culture in biocultural landscapes runs deep, where everyday practices and rituals have coevolved with the environment over millennia. Such tightly intertwined social-ecological systems are, however, often in the world's poorest regions and commonly subject to development interventions which effect biocultural diversity. This paper investigates the social and ecological implications of an introduced wheat seed in the Pamir Mountains. We examine contrasting responses to the intervention through participatory observation of food practices around a New Year ritual, and interviews in two communities. Our results show how one community fostered biocultural diversity, while the other did not, resulting in divergent processes of social and cultural change. In the former, ritual is practiced with traditional seed varieties, involving reciprocal exchange and is characterised by little outmigration of youth. In contrast, the second community celebrates the ritual with replaced store-bought ingredients, no longer cultivates any grain crops and where circular migration to Russia is the main livelihood strategy. Coevolution as an analytical lens enables us to understand these divergent pathways as processes of dynamically changing social-ecological relations. The paper suggests that a deeper understanding of socialecological relationships in landscapes offers a dynamic and process-oriented understanding of development interventions and can help identify endogenous responses to local, regional and global change-thereby empowering more appropriate and effective development pathways.
In the molecular structure of the title compound, C16H13Cl2N5, the 1,4-dihydropyridine ring of the 1,3,4,8-tetrahydro-2H-pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidine ring system adopts a screw-boat conformation, while the 1,3-diazinane ring is puckered. In the crystal, intermolecular N—H...N and C—H...N hydrogen bonds form molecular sheets parallel to the (110) and (\overline{1}10) planes, crossing each other. Adjacent molecules are further linked by C—H...π interactions, which form zigzag chains propagating parallel to [100]. A Hirshfeld surface analysis indicates that the most significant contributions to the crystal packing are from N...H/H...N (28.4%), H...H (24.5%), C...H/H...C (21.4%) and Cl...H/H...Cl (16.1%) contacts.
The title compound, 2C16H27NO·H2O, crystallizes in the monoclinic P21/c space group with two independent molecules (A and B) in the asymmetric unit. In the crystal, molecules A and B are linked through the water molecules by intermolecular O—H...O and O—H...N hydrogen bonds, producing chains along the b-axis direction. These chains are linked with neighboring chains parallel to the (103) plane via C—H...π interactions, generating ribbons along the b-axis direction. The stability of the molecular packaging is ensured by van der Waals interactions between the ribbons. According to the Hirshfeld surface study, H...H interactions are the most significant contributors to the crystal packing (80.3% for molecule A and 84.8% for molecule B).
The crystal structure of the title compound, C20H16BrN3O2, was determined using an inversion twin. Its asymmetric unit comprises two crystallographically independent molecules (A and B) being the stereoisomers. Both molecules are linked by pairs of N—H...O hydrogen bonds, forming a dimer with an R 2 2(16) ring motif. The dimers are connected by further N—H...O and N—H...N hydrogen bonds, forming chains along the c-axis direction·C—Br...π interactions between these chains contribute to the stabilization of the molecular packing. Hirshfeld surface analysis showed that the most important contributions to the crystal packing are from H...H, C...H/H...C, O...H/H...O, Br...H/H...Br and N...H/H...N interactions.
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