This article provides a bibliography discussing the significance of Jatropha as a biofuel crop around the world. In the family Euphorbiaceae, the genus Jatropha contains about 170 species of shrubs and trees (some of which are deciduous, such as Jatropha Curcas L.). It’s a perennial that can withstand dry conditions, grows well in soil with low fertility, and yields a lot of oil per plot. Plants produce seeds for up to 50 years and grow rapidly. Due to its many advantages, jatropha has attracted attention as a potentially useful tropical plant in the expansion of renewable energy sources. It has more real and intangible environmental advantages than any other competition, and it deserves to be recognized as such. In comparison to other biodiesel feedstocks, jatropha produces more oil for its price, and it has excellent fuel characteristics. It’s a source of energy rather than food because it comes from an oilseed that isn’t edible. If you’re looking for a cleaner alternative to diesel, consider jatropha, which may be utilized in diesel engines without sacrificing performance. Additionally, jatropha has a major impact on the quality of life in rural areas. According to some estimates, the plant might give a weight-based oil production of up to 40% per seed. This article explores the environmental and economic significance of the Jatropha tree, as well as the characteristics of its seeds in relation to oil production and the possibility of using it as an environmentally friendly biofuel, as well as its methods of propagation, requirements for its growth, and what it needs from developmental processes in cultivation.
Al-Bukhari gives several words to the narrators in his book Al-Tarikh Al-Awsat, including the word: (he contradicts in his hadith), that is, in his hadith he contradicts hafez, and the contradiction among the narrators is no more than two issues. Either the narrator is weak or trustworthy, and if he is weak and contradicts trustworthy or Hafiz, then his hadith is objectionable, and if he is trustworthy and disagreed with the trustworthy, or who is more trustworthy than him, then his hadith is odd. Al-Bukhari has given this word to seven narrators. The current study shows that all of them are poor and they have contradicted the more trustworthy hafiz.
The current study aims to investigate the effects of swell pressure on the bearing capacity of swelling soil. A model and some laboratory tests have been created to investigate the swell pressure effect on the bearing capacity variation of soil swelling due to swelling pressure. The influence of varying water content w/c and dry unit weight (γ d ) on the shear strength and swelling pressure was studied. The soil has been taken from Diwan Residential Compound-Mosul. It is classified as highly swelling soil. The swell pressure of soils at their natural water content reached 385 kN / m2 . Experiment results show that the parameters of shear resistance decreased with the w/c increase at the constant value of (γ d ), increased with the (γd ) increase when the w/c was constant. Results show that the swelling pressure decreased with the w/c increase, while it increased with the (γ d ) increase. Also, the results obtained using was model show that the resistance of bearing capacity of pre-saturated selected soil was 196 kN / m 2, while the bearing capacity was 620kN / m 2 when taking into account in the generation of swelling pressure.
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