Introduction: Oral fluid cytokine levels can vary considerably during the onset of Inflammatory Periodontitis (IP) especially in people with hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis B virus (HBV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Aim of our study was to evaluate levels of oral cytokines during the onset of IP among HCV, HBV and HIV negative and positive individuals in order to evaluate local immunity state during these infections. Methodology: This was a case control study with 3 groups of virally infected individuals and control group. All had IP including control group. Results: 45 patients (51.7%) had HCV, 18 (20.7%) HBV and 24 (27.6%) HIV. For IL-2 we received significant difference for all groups compared with control -2.83; HBV-31.1 (p < 0.001), HCV-25.99 (p < 0.001) and HIV-24.57 (p < 0.001). For IL-10 significant difference was observed between control -0.94 and HCV-3.63 (p = 0.027), HBV-8.38 (15.51) groups (p < 0.001). IL-4 was significantly higher in control group 14.29 compared to HCV 0.2 (p < 0.001) and HIV 0.21 (p = 0.037) group. The adjusted analysis where we consider age as possible confounder revealed that only IL-2 significantly differs for all groups compared with control group: control vs HCV (p = 0.001); control vs HBV (p = 0.024); control vs HIV (p = 0.004). Conclusions: Evidence for significant differences when comparing oral fluid cytokines of individuals with HCV, HBV and HIV with non-viral individuals was more obvious for IL-2. IL-2 levels were significantly higher in all 3 groups vs non-viral group even when age is confounder.

Background: Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is the life-threatening chronic disease if left without appropriate clinical care and self-management. Diabetes places a burden on family life and daily routine that can be reduced by a proper disease management program. Extensive research studies are conducted for the estimation of pediatric quality of life (PedsQL) in the medical and psychosocial care of diabetic children. Objectives: To evaluate the quality of life of children 8-12 y/o with T1DM, to compare PedsQL perceived by their parents, to understand influence of gender and other factors on PedsQL and disease management. Methods: Children with T1DM were identified and recruited from the pediatric endocrinology department registries. We used the validated adapted pediatric quality of life inventory 3.0 diabetes module of the child (ages 8-12) and parent reports. Obtained scales were compared between children and parents as well as between the two genders. Results: A total of 132 T1DM children and their primary caregivers participated in the study. The mean age of the children was 6.82 ± 2.17 years. Girls had higher (17.82 ± 1.59) body mass index (BMI) than boys (17.1 ± 1.95; OR = 0.72; P value 0.021). Mean levels of HbA1C were different in genders: 9 ± 1.78 for girls and 7.93 ± 1.0 for boys (P < 0.001). Diet habits of diabetic children with uneducated primary caregiver have not been changed (P value 0.0138) and these children more often experienced hypoglycemia (P < 0.001). Regular exercising had positive effect on level of HbA1C (7.8 ± 0.82 versus 8.93 ± 1.73) (P value 0.003). In a comparison of PedsQL scores between boys and girls, we have found significant differences in 17 items and in 15 items between child and parent. Conclusions: In 8-12 y/o group of T1DM children, girls seem to be more sensitive towards pain and difficulties associated with the disease, boys experienced more difficulties related to treatment compliance and parents' involvement. Primary caregivers mostly underestimated the child's PedsQL.

Introduction: Oral clinical manifestations in HBV HCV and HIV patients indicate a deterioration in general health status. The aim of the study was to assess pathomorphologic features of oral mucosa observed in patients with these diseases. Methodology: The study was conducted in N1 Dental Clinic of YSMU after M. Heratsi. The total number of patients taking part in the research was 120, including HBV (n = 40), HCV (n = 40) and HIV (n = 40). After biopsy and subsequent histological examination of the oral mucosa, statistical analysis was carried out using Excel 2013 and R software. Results: Pathomorphological examination revealed inflammatory infiltrations in all samples collected from HBV, HCV and HIV patients. These changes included microcirculatory disorders in 98.3% of samples: fibrinous-like deposits lining the surface of erosions and ulcers on the oral mucosa (1.67%), fibrosis of the mucous membrane (70%), dystrophy of squamous epithelium (93.3%) and bone sequestration (3.3%). Comparative analysis of pathomorphological characteristics revealed distinct content of infiltrates: lymphoplasmacytic infiltration in patients with HBV and HCV, while HIV patients showed neutrophils infiltration and lack of plasmocytes. Conclusions: There are common abnormal morphological changes in the oral mucosa typical of all patients with HBV, HCV and HIV, as well as liver diseases specific to each of them. Inflammation in the patients with HIV indicated impairment of the humoral immune system. Understanding the distinct characteristic of inflammation in the oral cavity could be useful for early differential diagnosis and management of patients with HIV, HBV and HCV.

Objectives: Effective management of diabetes is the cornerstone for prevention of diabetic complications. However, how well the Finnish Current Care guideline for diabetes is implemented in practice is unknown. Combining local and nationwide patient registers provide a valuable resource for evaluating risks, benefits and costs. The purpose of this study was to identify how the Finnish electronic patient information systems and national registers can be used to explore the treatment for patients with incident type 2 diabetes. MethOds: Selected primary and specialty care organizations representing different geographical areas and patient information system providers were invited to participate in the study. Study permits were obtained from several local and nationwide register holders. The study protocol was reviewed by the Ethical Review Board of Hospital District of Helsinki and Uusimaa. Results: Register linkage is accomplished using unique personal identification numbers. We collect nationwide data on prescriptions, hospital and primary care, reimbursed dental care, and the causes of death. Cost data are based on hospital benchmarking database, sickness allowances and rehabilitations. We use local registers as a source of information on diagnoses, medical procedures, prescriptions and contact types. High quality laboratory data are also included from several local providers. cOnclusiOns: Register linkages enable longitudinal follow-up of patients for research purposes in Finland. In our study a unique combined register database of diabetic patient cohort is created that improves the evaluation of prognosis and care of diabetic patients. This is a promising and versatile source for research in pharmacoepidemiology. PDB28 ePiDemiology anD Unmet meDical neeD in DiaBetes mellitUs tyPe 2 in germany -resUlts of a literatUre search

Introduction: We aimed to investigate the prevalence of liver involvement in pediatric patients with ARI using both routine tests of hepatic panel, and ornithine carbamoyltransferase (OCT) to identify the most sensitive indicators of early hepatic injury. Methodology: A prospective cohort study of 84 armenian children with ARI was conducted to evaluate the associated liver involvement. The diagnostic variables of interest were the signs of clinical disease severity, and enzymatic profile of the patients. Results: Serum levels of OCT were increased in 94% of patients versus routine tests of hepatic panel (AST in 41.7%, ALT in 15.5%, etc). Variance analysis by severity groups showed the serum levels of OCT (p < 0.001), ammonia (p < 0.001), phospholipides (p = 0.05), glucose (p = 0.01), TNF-α (p = 0.01), IL-8 (p < 0.001), AST (p < 0.001), and ALP (p < 0.001) were associated with the severity of underlying disease. Moreover, regression analysis revealed the serum activity of OCT (p value < 0.001, OR = 1.27) and ammonia (p value 0.002, OR = 1.1) significantly predict the severity of the disease. Conclusions: Using more sensitive marker of liver damage can detect more cases of ARI with hepatic manifestations. For evaluation of the liver involvement we are suggesting the testing of serum OCT levels as a more sensitive and specific marker. Pediatric patients with ARI and with higher serum OCT levels have 27% more chance to experience increased disease severity, which can affect on liver state and prolong hospitalization time and cost.