Introduction and Aim: Candidiasis is one of the most common pathological conditions affecting the oral mucosa. Synthetic antifungals are being eliminated from the market due to the burden of environmental residues and carcinogenesis. Bioactive phytochemicals such as alkaloids, terpenoids, polyacetylenes, unsaturated isobutylamides, and phenolics are considered safer than synthetic products. The medical field is continuously exploring plant products against the increasing number of antibiotic-resistant organisms. Leaves of grapefruits were selected for the study because citrus species are well known for their antibacterial and antifungal properties.
Materials and Methods: Volatile oils extracted from grapefruit leaves by hydro distillation were tested for antifungal activity by agar diffusion method against various ATCC strains of Candida. MIC/MFC and ZOI were recorded, and a cytotoxicity test was carried out on human gingival fibroblasts.
Results: Leaf extract not only produced a larger zone of inhibition against test pathogens but was also less cytotoxic than Amphotericin B and Fluconazole.
Conclusion: Grapefruit leaf volatile oil extract had an antifungal effect on selected strains of candida and was less toxic than Amphotericin B and Fluconazole to the human gingival fibroblasts in vitro.
The coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) is a pandemic the world is currently facing head on. It is a viral infection caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). No current vaccine is available nor a curative treatment option is available at present, thus making it even more important to prevent the disease. Since dentists are in very close contact with their patients and there is aerosol production in various dental treatments, they are at a heightened risk of contracting the disease. To prevent the disease, strict hand and respiratory hygiene needs to be followed. Personal protective equipment should be used for any emergency procedures and thorough history must be taken of every patient. Digitalization of seminars and classes has been adopted by various dental institutions. With high infectivity of the virus, social distancing and stringent prevention protocols can help in controlling this severe global threat.
To achieve a successful prosthesis it is important to achieve harmony between the maxillomandibular relationship and anatomy of patient. This relationship is not simple opening or closing, but a complex relationship which exists in 3 dimensions. Variations may occur in any direction – vertical, anteroposterior, or mediolateral. Thus, it is essential to record this relationship with the least possible error to obtain a successful prosthesis. However when relating the maxillary and mandibular dental casts, the ultimate accuracy depends on accuracy and dimensional stability of the material and the technique used to record the maxillomandibular relationship.
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