Authors' Contribution SM convinced the research and wrote the initial draft. RZA and FAA supervised the research project. MKK and MS contributed in proof reading the manuscript. All authors approved and contributed equally to the final version of the manuscript for its publication.
Introduction: Ring-necked pheasant (Phasianuscolchicus) is a famous game bird and has ecological, marketable, aesthetic, sport and nutritive values. It is native to Eastern central Asia, China, Japan and is introduced as game bird to other regions of the world. Population of this species is continuously declining due to hunting pressure, habitat fragmentation, meat purpose and increased urbanization. There is need to conserve the species through techniques of semen banking as may provide a protected net against extinction. Objective/Aim: The current study was designed to asses range of extenders (Red fowl, Tselutin Poultry, Beltsville Poultry, Chicken semen, Lake and EK extenders) for storage of ring-necked pheasant semen at 5 °C in refrigerator for 48 hours. Methodology: Short-term semen storage method used for avian semen, as avian sperms are sensitive to higher 11temperature fluctuations during the cryopreservation process. Semen collection was made from trained and mature cocks and diluted in the Beltsville Poultry, Red fowl, Lake, EK, Tselutin Poultry and Chicken semen extenders, stored at 5°C and evaluated for sperm motility (%), plasma membrane integrity (%), viability (%), acrosome integrity (%) and DNA fragmentation at 0h, 3h, 6h, 24h and 48 h of storage. Results: The spermatozoa motility was higher (p<0.05) in RFE (72.50±3.23) and Tselutin poultry extender (53.75±2.39) as compared to other diluents; Beltsville poultry (41.25±1.25) and Lake (30.00 ± 2.04) whereas Membrane integrity was also higher (P<0.05) in RFE (80.50±2.1) and Tselutin poultry extender (63.75±2.39). However, RFE (67.00±1.22) maintained sperm viability (P<0.05) higher at all storage hours (0, 3, 6, 24 and 48) as compared to TPE (63.75±1.49). Data obtained from the current study were analyzed by using ANOVA and LSD. Conclusion: Hence, it is concluded that ring-necked pheasant semen can be stored at 5ºC for 48 hours in Red fowl extender for captive propagation of the species.
Introduction: Birds are an integral part of ecosystem, they are commonly found all over the world. They can be parasitized by a wide variety of endo-parasites. Objectives/Aim: The current study conducted to identify and investigate the prevalence of endo-parasites from various captive bird species at main campus of PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi. Methodology: Different standardized methods were used to collect fecal pellets from each bird species in early morning in a plastic bag and transferred to the National Veterinary laboratory (NVL), Islamabad for parasitological examination, eggs, oocytes, cysts and larva of pathogens. Prevalence of endo-parasites was estimated through geometric mean at confidence interval of 95%. Results: Total 403 fecal samples were collected from 13 bird species, 10 out of 13 avian species were found infected with endoparasites. The data on percentage occurrence of infection in avian species viz; pigeons (41.9%) were the most infected with endo-parasites as compared to golden pheasant (19.3%), pea cock (16.1%), cochin hen (12.9%), ring neck pheasant (9.6%), aseel hen (6.45%), polish hen (6.4%), brown hen (3.2%), red jungle fowl (3.2%) and bentum hen (3.2%). However, all of Budgerigar parrots, ducks and guinea fowl were not infected. It was found that Eimeriasp was more prevalent and isolated from Aseel hen (38.7%) and Golden pheasant (29.03%). Trichuris spp. was also more prevalent and isolated from golden pheasant (38.7 %). and other pathogens Ascaris spp. isolated from golden pheasant (16.1%) and peafowl (6.4 %), followed by Ascaridia spp. isolated from polish hen (16.1 %). It is concluded that Pigeons were most infected bird species and Eimeria spp, (38.7 %) and Trichuris spp. (38.7 %) were the most prevalent pathogens. Conclusion: Parasitic load can be managed by providing better healthcare facilities to birds, proper cleaning of waterers, vaccination of birds, proper nutrition and management of environmental conditions.
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