<p>In this paper we propose a new MIMO-OFDM model in which we consider various antenna selection techniques like Bulk selection and Per-subcarrier selection etc. with hardware impairments such as non-linearties of amplifiers, quantization noise, phase noise and I-Q imbalance etc. As we know that the transceiver hardware impairments limit the channel capacity and the energy efficiency of MIMO-OFDM system, so we can not neglect the fundamental impacts of these hardware impairments {Kappa (0.05 0.1)} on the energy efficiency in the high SNR domain. Therefore we analyze the Energy Efficiency of Bulk and Per-subcarrier antenna selection techniques with or without hardware impairments. It has been observed that the energy efficiency decreases as the value of these hardware impairments increases. As we compared the Bulk antenna selection with the Per-subcarrier antenna selection scheme, the Per-subcarrier antenna selection requires more number of RF (radio frequency) chains and transmits power in comparison to the Bulk selection. Due to this, the Bulk antenna selection technique is more energy efficient than Per-subcarrier antenna selection.</p>
This work figures the conceptual background of impedimetric measurements. Impedance measurement is a convenient approach for exploring the change in electrical behavior of diverse materials. An overview of in practice impedance analysis on CHI660D electrochemical work station is presented. Detection of microorganism causing foodborne diseases using IDE and other methods, toxic metal ion quantification, environment pollutant monitoring are described applications in this work. This work also reviewed the noticeable development in impedance measurement devices based on AD5933 such as bio-impedance measurement and explosive material detection. Biological signals are detected by transducing them into electrical analogy, detection of which is not a big issue. The main challenges are to convert biological signal into electrical information. Electrochemical sensors present captivating techniques to determine the content of sample under test. Electrochemical sensing platforms come up with an appealing methodology to interpret the concentration of biological sample as these sensors directly translate biological information to an electronic one. Huge amount of sensing platforms and corresponding devices has been developed. EIS is a rapid and easily computerized technique used to characterize biomolecules, inorganic materials, having a wide range of applications. The measured impedance spectra are generally fitted to an analogous electrical circuit model which constitutes an electrical documentation of the SUT by disclosing its behavior and properties. Quick, highly selective/specific and sensitive techniques to quantify biological and biochemical molecules and other target species are of great importance in biomedical and biotechnological application. Recent developments trends for handy, portable, fast and precise impedance analyzer is discussed. AD5933 evolution kit is reviewed.
Today, Hygroscopic swelling is one of the biggest challenging problem of Epoxy mold compound (EMC) in packaging with Microelectromechanical system (MEMS) devices. To overcome this hygroscopic swelling problem of EMC and guard the devices, MEMS devices are molded in this paper with different Mold Compound (MC) i.e. titanium and ceramic etc. during their interconnection with the board. Also, a comparatively performance analysis of this various mold compound with MEMS pressure sensor has been studied in this paper at 60% humidity, 140 mol/m<sup>3</sup> saturation concentration and 25 <sup>o</sup>C. It was observed that hygroscopic swelling does not take place in the titanium mold compound. But, titanium is very costly so we have to consider something cheaper material i.e. ceramic in this paper. The Hygroscopic swelling in Ceramic Mold Compound after 1 year is nearly 0.05mm which is very less than epoxy.
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