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The current global issue of water scarcity has demanded for over-abstraction of conventional freshwater resources. The states of water scarcity are anticipated to worsen, as by 2050 the population is estimated to reach 9 billion worldwide. Desalination is considered a solution to solve the water scarcity issues, as it is considered a drought-proof water source, which does not depend on climate change, river flows or reservoir levels. Moreover, membrane fouling is still the main "Achilles heel" for the effective operation of desalination systems. This makes the technology chemically, energetically and operationally intensive and requires a considerable infusion of capital. The application of an artificial neural network (ANN), the computing model inspired by the human brain, and its variants, have been developed that can optimize the operation of membrane-based desalination system through analyzing the complex experimental and real-time data. This review paper presents the recent trends and developments focussed primarily on the modelling and simulation of reverse osmosis (RO) plant using ANN to solve the challenging problem in membrane-based desalination systems. The literature review suggested that ANN has a potential application in predicting linear, nonlinear, complicated complex systems with high accuracy and with better control, prediction of membrane fouling, cost analysis. Therefore, ANN considered a strong basis to attract and motivate the researchers to work in this field in the future.

Internet of Things (IoT) is a new buzzword in information technology where real-world physical objects are made smart by integrating them with internet-enabled technologies. The things can sense information around them, communicate the sensed information over some protocol and employ the information to solve real-life problems. In IoT, several technologies are integrated under a common umbrella so that they can connect and exchange data over a network protocol. A huge amount of data is generated from diverse geographical locations with the consequent urge for fast aggregation of overall sensed information, leading to an increase in the need to store and process such data in a more efficient and effective manner. The traditional fields of embedded systems, WSN, real-time analytics, automation system, machine learning and others all contribute to enabling the IoT. This article is focused on discussing the various IoT technologies, protocols and their application and usage in our daily life. It also summarizes the current state-of-the-art IoT architecture in various spheres conventionally and all related terminologies that will give the forthcoming researchers a glimpse of IoT as a whole.

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