A review of Internet of Things: qualifying technologies and boundless horizon

Abstract

Internet of Things (IoT) is a new buzzword in information technology where real-world physical objects are made smart by integrating them with internet-enabled technologies. The things can sense information around them, communicate the sensed information over some protocol and employ the information to solve real-life problems. In IoT, several technologies are integrated under a common umbrella so that they can connect and exchange data over a network protocol. A huge amount of data is generated from diverse geographical locations with the consequent urge for fast aggregation of overall sensed information, leading to an increase in the need to store and process such data in a more efficient and effective manner. The traditional fields of embedded systems, WSN, real-time analytics, automation system, machine learning and others all contribute to enabling the IoT. This article is focused on discussing the various IoT technologies, protocols and their application and usage in our daily life. It also summarizes the current state-of-the-art IoT architecture in various spheres conventionally and all related terminologies that will give the forthcoming researchers a glimpse of IoT as a whole.

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“…Platforms like If-This-Then-That (IFTTT) allow customable automation tasks with connections to multiple brands of devices such as smartwatches and smart speakers, 56 it provides an easy step by step, one stop interface, and sequential logic (if <trigger condition>, then <action on the devices>) to simplify the set up process The advanced universal plug-and-play (UPnP) protocol could be used to remove the complex setup process from patients. 57 …”

IoT data analytics in dynamic environments: From an automated machine learning perspective

“…High volume: With the development of large-scale IoT systems, a massive amount of data is continuously generated from a large number of IoT devices. As described in Section 1, real-world IoT devices generate an average of approximately 135.9 million bytes of IoT data daily [3] [4]. Both real-time and historical IoT data must be saved and processed to analyze previous patterns and future trends, resulting in a large volume of IoT data requiring analytics.…”

“…IoT is expanding at a rapid speed. According to the Cisco report, about 18.4 billion IoT sensors and devices were connected by 2018, and over 2.5 quintillion bytes of IoT data are generated daily [3] [4].Thus, each real-world IoT device generates an average of approximately 135.9 million bytes of IoT data every day, which is an extremely high volume and generation speed. It is also estimated that more than 30 billion IoT devices would be connected by 2023 [3].…”

“…IoT data analytics. 4. Discuss the open challenges and research directions in the field of IoT data analytics and AutoML.…”

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“…Gateway devices will be used by IoT/edge devices and end users to communicate with computer systems, abstracting away the interactions with sensors and actuators/effectors located on the edge [38]. The system will communicate with various and multiple instances of IoT applications (such as healthcare, smart city, farming, and weather monitoring) or their digital twins to efficiently provide AI and other autonomic services [39].…”