The objective of this paper was to investigate the characteristics of Ficus deltoidea powders during tablet formation using a direct compression method. To understand the data further, compression models were fitted, which included those of Heckel, Kawakita, Adams and Panelli-Filho. F. deltoidea is well-known for its therapeutic properties when used in the form of an extracted powder. We further investigated the effect of the binders Avicel and Acdisol, which are known as a universal binder and a superdisintegrant, respectively. The physical properties, flowability and particle structures were determined to compare behavior and as references to the compression models used. The data were mostly consistent with those predicted by the compression models. As a result, applying compression models, especially the Kawakita model, was successfully performed and can be further related to the development and production of compact F. deltoidea tablets. Thus, this paper provides a fundamental understanding on the tabletting characteristics of F. deltoidea extract powder. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSIn this study, a direct compression method was adopted to form the Ficus deltoidea extract powder into tablets. For further investigation, the F. deltoidea extract powder was mixed with two different binders, Avicel and Acdisol, in different ranges of composition. Hence, the pressure and effect of various process variables such as the food powder on tablet density and strength were obtained. For this reason, a study was conducted to increase our understanding of the tablet characteristics of F. deltoidea powder and binders by fitting the data into compression models. Four models had been proposed to reflect the physical and mechanical properties of powders and how these characteristics can be successfully applied in research. Finally, the best fitting compression model was chosen for further development and production of F. deltoidea compact tablets.
This work aimed to investigate the flowability properties of the basic powders used to make tablets by means of direct compression. The main product in this study is Ficus deltoidea extract powder, while the excipients operated as binder were croscarmellose sodium (NaCMC or Acdisol) and microcrystalline cellulose (MCC or Avicel). Such excipient powders are essentially water insoluble and can also act as a filler, disintegrator and dissolver in tablet form. In order to compare and optimize powders regarding flowability, a Jenike shear tester was used to measure the flow properties of the powder particle, such as the effective angle of internal friction, flow function and the angle of wall friction. The experimental results showed higher flow property values for binders compared with F. deltoidea extract powder. These results provide essential information for the processing and handling of these powders during storage, transportation and also for the next processing step of powder -tabletting.
This paper focus on mitigating the atmospheric turbulence effect in free space optical communication using dual diffuser modulation (DDM) technique. Phase screen diffuser located on transmitter create 'new' beam wave to propagate through turbulence more efficiently. This technique uses two transmitter and differential mode detection at the receiver. The numerical result show that the DDM produce better performance compare to conventional FSO that using intensity modulation/direct detection (IM/DD) for On-Off Keying Modulation (OOK). The reduction in the scintillation level also improve in DDM compare to conventional technique that using a perfectly coherence beam.
This paper presents a new Alleviation Interference Scheme (AIS) for Spectral Amplitude Coding (SAC) - Optical Code Division Multiple Access (OCDMA) coding approaches. The AIS SAC-OCDMA systems is demonstrated by utilizing the Flexible Cross Correlation (FCC) code. The FCC code has advantages, such as flexible cross-correlation property at any given number of users and weights, as well as effectively reduces the impacts of phase induced intensity noise (PIIN) and multiple-access interference (MAI). The results indicated good performance whereas the FCC code offers 100%, 207% and 471% percentage larger number of active users compared to MDW W=4, Hadamard and MFH W=8 codes, respectively. Finally, the FCC code has low receive power Psr = -18 dBm which is expected to be more significant for future SAC-OCDMA coding systems.
One of the major challenges in oil palm plantations today is proper interpretation of yield maps for site-specific management and development of classified management zone maps for its efficient management. A study was conducted on an on-going fertilizer response trial in Sabah, Malaysia to examine the possibility of converting spatio-temporal yield maps of oil palm to classified management zone maps for practical management purposes. Two clusters of palms were selected for the study; with and without N fertilizer applications for the past 10 years. Fresh fruit bunch (ffb) yields were summarized on an annual basis. Point kriging method of geostatistics was used to interpolate ffb yields at unsampled locations. A classified management zone map was developed based on the spatial and temporal stability yield maps from 1992-1999. Nine management zones were derived form the spatio-temporal features in the ffb yield variations for decision making. Two management zones of high, stable yields and high, fairly stable yields and 4 management zones of moderate, stable yields; moderate, fairly stable yields; moderate, unstable yields; and low, unstable yields were then demarcated from area with and without N applications for practical management purposes. The results demonstrate the potential of transforming spatial and temporal stability of ffb yield maps from multi-year yield data to practical classified management zone maps for site-specific oil palm management particularly for fertilizer application. However, the potential of misinterpretation of yield maps can be high if limited data are available. Further work is necessary to ascertain the minimum number of palms and years required for the generation of meaningful yield maps and management zones
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