The GAINS model allows for estimation of costs and potentials for greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation by individual GHGs. In this article, the GAINS model is used to assess mitigation potentials for non-CO 2 GHGs in 2020 for all countries covered in the Annex-I of the Kyoto protocol. Mitigation measures for methane, nitrous oxide or fluorinated gases and their costs are identified and mitigation potentials and costs are compared with other available studies. Differences in the structure of economic sectors between countries are important determinants for the differences in the respective contribution of non-CO 2 GHGs. For some countries, a successful application of mitigation options clearly hampers the potential still available for future reductions. While a number of options exist to reduce CO 2 even at negative costs (*25% of the overall reduction potential), this is not the case for non-CO 2 gases. Non-CO 2 gases, however, provide considerable potential in the very low cost range (less than 10 e/t CO 2 -eq), in particular as they are affected by options to abate CO 2 as well. In the range for very cheap options, non-CO 2 gases cover about 36% of the reduction potential, a fraction which is decreasing for the higher cost range, to about 26% for a carbon price of 100 e/t CO 2 -eq. These figures have been calculated for the total of Annex-I countries, assuming a social discount rate of 4%.
Policies to reduce adverse health impacts of fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) require information on costs of abatement and associated costs. This paper explores the potential for cost-efficient control of anthropogenic primary PM 2.5 emissions in Finland. Based on a Kyoto-compliant energy projection, two emission control scenarios for 2020 were developed. 'Baseline' assumes implementation of PM controls in compliance with existing legislation. 'Reduction' assumes ambitious further reductions. Emissions for 2020 were estimated at 26 and 18.6 Gg a −1 for 'Baseline' and 'Reduction', respectively. The largest abatement potential, 3.0 Gg a −1 , was calculated for power plants and industrial combustion. The largest potential with marginal costs below 5000 A C Mg(PM 2.5 ) −1 was for domestic wood combustion, 1.7 Gg a −1 . For traffic the potential was estimated at 1.0 Gg a −1 , but was associated with high costs. The results from this paper are used in the policy-driven national integrated assessment modeling that explores cost-efficient reductions of the health impacts of PM.
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