Introduction: Matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8), encoded by MMP-8 gene (chromosomal location, 11q22.3), is a proteolytic enzyme that is involved in the pathogenesis of periodontitis. Polymorphism of the encoding MMP-8 gene can affect the risk of the disease. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between +17 C/G polymorphism in MMP-8 and periodontitis in an Indonesian sample population. Material and methods: Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis of the +17 C/G polymorphism in MMP-8 was conducted in stored genomic DNA samples from 100 subjects with periodontitis and 100 healthy controls. Patients were examined in a previous study by a periodontics and diagnosed as periodontitis based on anamnesis and clinical examination (periodontal pocket depth ≥ 4 mm and the presence of clinical attachment loss. Results: The frequencies of the genotypes or alleles in the periodontitis and control groups were not significantly different (genotype, p = 0.283; alleles, p = 0.11). Any remaining trend toward higher frequencies of the polymorphic genotypes or alleles in the periodontitis group was explained by the adjustment for age. Conclusions: The results showed no significant association between the +17 C/G polymorphism in MMP-8 and the risk of periodontitis in the Indonesian population. No change in the significance is expected even with a considerably larger sample.
Introduction: Orofacial cleft is one of the many congenital malformations that often occur in human, leaving it at the fourth level of the most common orofacial birth defect findings. The incident rate is one in 700-1000 deliveries, where without therapeutic and surgical interventions, children with an orofacial cleft may have problems with speech, nutrition intake, and growth. Bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) gene play essential roles in the migration and proliferation of neural crest cell of the early head formation and regulate mineralised tissues such as maxillary, mandible, palate and teeth. This study was aimed to analyse the BMP-2 polymorphism and its potential association with orofacial cleft in an Indonesian population. Methods: Cross-sectional study was conducted towards 128 samples, 32 samples of orofacial cleft patients and 96 samples of control. Extracted genotype and allele was determined with PCR-RFLP method using stored DNA samples from 32 orofacial cleft patients, and 96 healthy control. Results: The TT genotype was showing the p-value = 0.001, OR = 2.43% in orofacial samples (71.4%), which was significantly higher than in control groups (28.6%). The allele distribution was also considered statistically significant (p = 0.036, OR =1.89%. Conclusion: There is a significant association of rs235768 A>T polymorphism of the BMP-2 gene on non-syndromic orofacial cleft patients in Indonesia.
Background: Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease caused by periodontal pathogens and influenced by multiple risk factors such as genetics, smoking habit, age and systemic diseases. The inflammatory cascade is characterized by the release of C-reactive protein (CRP). Periodontitis has been reported to have plausible links to increased level of CRP, which in turn has been associated to elevated risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Purpose: The purpose of this study was t o investigate the relationship amongst the severity of periodontitis, CRP level in blood and CRP (-717 C>T) gene polymorphism in male Indonesian smokers and non-smokers. Method: The severity of periodontitis was assessed for 97 consenting male Indonesian smokers and non-smokers. The CRP level of the subjects was determined by using immuno-turbidimetric assay performed in PARAHITA Diagnostic Center Laboratory ISO 9001: 2000 Cert No. 15225/2. The rate of CRP (-717C>T) gene polymorphism was determined by using PCR-RFLP in Oral Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Indonesia. Result: The results suggest that the CRP protein level is not significantly associated with the tested CRP gene polymorphism (p>0.05). Also, while the severity of periodontitis increased significantly with subject age, the CRP level in blood serum was not significantly related to the severity of periodontitis. The genotypes of the tested polymorphism did not show significant association with the severity of periodontitis either in smokers or in the combined population including smokers and non-smokers. The results naturally do not exclude such associations, but suggest that to discern the differences the sample size must be considerably increased. Conclusion: The CRP (-717C>T) gene polymorphism and CRP level in blood serum were not found to be associated with the severity of periodontitis in male smokers or in the combined population of smokers and non-smokers.
Objective: This work aimed to evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial properties of white tea maceration extract against pathogenic oral bacteria Streptococcus mutans (serotype F), Porphyromonas gingivalis (strain ATCC 33277), and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (phenotype A); the properties of this product were also tested against non-pathogenic Streptococcus sanguis (ATCC 10556) for comparison. Methods:A maceration extract was made from white tea collected from West Java, and the infusion was prepared at concentrations of 5-80%. The selected strains of each microbial species were cultured under anaerobic conditions, and equalized standard dilutions of the cultured bacteria were used for testing. Dilution and diffusion tests were conducted to quantify the antimicrobial properties of white tea extract (WTE) against the bacteria. Results:The dilution test results showed a minimum inhibitory concentration of 40% of WTE against S. mutans, P. gingivalis, and A. actinomycetemcomitans and 80% against S. sanguis. The minimum bactericidal concentration was 80% for all tested bacterial strains. Conclusion:The diffusion test results showed higher inhibition with increasing extract concentration; however, the difference between concentrations of 40% and 80% was small or negligible, except for A. actinomycetemcomitans. These results imply the clear, acute antimicrobial effect of WTE against the tested oral anaerobic pathogens in vitro. Considering that these effects were concentration dependent and that white tea has the highest content of antimicrobial phenolic compounds among all grades of (green) tea, white tea or WTE may be useful for inhibiting the growth of pathogens involved in the development of caries and/or periodontal disease.
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