Percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation is reliable and effective for nonneurogenic, refractory lower urinary tract dysfunction in children. Efficacy seems better in dysfunctional voiding than in overactive bladder cases. There is evidence that percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation should be part of the pediatric urology armamentarium when treating functional incontinence.

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Aim: To assess reasons for higher levels of anxiety generated by prenatal counselling of a condition with good outcome such as cystic adenomatoid malformation (CCAM) of the lung compared to a life-threatening malformation such as congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH). Materials and methods:The Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-S) was used to measure anxiety in two groups of mothers carrying a fetus with the respective malformation. Results: Forty-four mothers completed the questionnaire (CCAM, ns21 and CDH, ns23). Before consultation, the mean STAI-S scores in the CCAM group (44.80"5.92) and in CDH group (44.05"4.96) were not significantly different but was significantly reduced in both groups after consultation (CCAM 44.80 vs. 41.60, Ps0.014 and CDH 44.05 vs. 34.35, Ps0.0001). The groups were not significantly different regarding gestational age at diagnosis. Conclusions: After initial prenatal counselling, uncertainty about prenatal outcome and lack of defined management plans in CCAM seems to be more important than higher mortality rate occurring in CDH.

Objective: With increasing use of routine prenatal ultrasound, prenatal counseling after diagnosis of congenital malformations is frequently offered to prospective parents. We aimed to assess if the communication of diagnosis of a congenital anomaly in the fetus meets American Psychiatric Association (APA) criteria for trauma in parents. Result: A total of 145 mothers and 76 fathers experienced the communication of diagnosis in their fetus as a traumatic event. There was no correlation between type of malformation and trauma nor was there statistical difference between mother and father regarding the stressor. Conclusion:Communication of diagnosis of a fetal anomaly can be a traumatic event and should be dealt with consequently. Given the therapeutic value of sharing traumatic experience such practice should be encouraged as part of the consultation process.

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