The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effects of maternal protein and energy restriction during lactation on the bodyweight and skull dimensions of pups at weaning. At parturition, Wistar rat dams were randomly assigned to the following groups: (i) control group (C), free access to a standard laboratory diet containing 23% protein; (ii) protein-energy-restricted group (PER), free access to an isoenergetic, protein-restricted diet containing 8% protein; and (iii) energy-restricted group (ER), restricted amounts of a standard laboratory diet. The dimensions of excised pup skulls were measured directly using pre-established anatomical points. Morphometrical analysis of the skulls showed that most of the measurements in the ER and PER groups were significantly lower than in the control group, with the greatest reductions occurring in the PER group. These results show that protein and energy restriction during lactation have an important influence on pup skull development.

FERNANDES, R. M. P.; ABREU, A. V.; SCHANAIDER, A.; SOARES JR., E. R.; PEÇANHA, G. C. A.; BABINSKI, M. A. & RAMOS, C. F. Effect of protein and energy restricted diet during lactation leads to persistent morphological changes on tibia growth in the weaned pups. Int. J. Morphol., 25(3):565-571, 2007. SUMMARY:The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of maternal protein and energy restriction during lactation on the body weight and tibiae dimensions of pups at aging. At parturition, Wistar rat dams were randomly assigned to the following groups: 1) control group (C) -free access to a standard laboratory diet containing 23% protein, 2) protein-energy restricted group (PR) -free access to an isoenergetic, protein-restricted diet containing 8% protein, and 3) energy-restricted group (ER) -fed restricted amounts of a standard laboratory diet. At weaning, all pups were separated of dams and received free access to a standard laboratory diet containing 23% protein until 180 days when the rats were anesthetized and sacrificed. The dimensions of excised pup tibia were measured directly using pre-established anatomical points. Morphometrical analysis of the tibia showed that most of the measurements in the ER and PR groups were significantly lower than in the control group, with the greatest reductions occurring in the PR group. These results show that protein and energy restriction during lactation have an important influence on pup tibia development. FERNANDES, R. M. P.; ABREU, A. V.; SCHANAIDER, A.; SOARES JR., E. R.; PEÇANHA, G. C. A.; BABINSKI, M. A. & RAMOS, C. F. Efectos de las restricciones de proteínas y de energía durante la lactancia provocan cambios morfológicos persistentes en el crecimiento de la tibia de crías destetadas. Int. J. Morphol., 25(3):565-571, 2007.RESUMEN: Los objetivos de este estudio fueron evaluar los efectos de la restricción materna de proteínas y de energía durante la lactancia y sus efectos en el peso corporal y las dimensiones de las tibias de crías en ratas. En el parto, las crías de ratas Wistar fueron agrupadas aleatoriamente en los grupos siguientes: 1) grupo control (C) -con acceso libre a una dieta estándar del laboratorio, que contenía 23% de proteínas; 2) grupo con restricción de proteínas y energía (PR) -acceso libre a una dieta isoenergética, con restricción de proteínas, conteniendo un 8% de éstas y 3) grupo con restricción de energía, alimentado con restricción en la cantidad de alimento de la dieta estándar del laboratorio (ER). Al destete, todas las crías fueron separadas y recibieron la dieta estándar del laboratorio, conteniendo 23% de proteínas, hasta los 180 días, cuando fueron anestesiadas y sacrificadas. El análisis morfométrico de la tibia demostró que la mayoría de las mediciones en los grupos ER y PR, fueron significativamente menores que las del grupo control, con mayores reducciones en el grupo PR. Estos resultados muestran que las restricciones de energía y proteínas durante la lactancia tienen una influencia importante en el desarrollo de la tibia de la...

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ObjectiveTo evaluate the prevalence of pain and radiographic degenerative arthritis in a group of severe obese patients (body mass index [BMI] > 35).Methods41 patients with an indication of bariatric surgery were studied. The group of severely obese patients was subdivided into two subgroups: those with BMI < 50 and those with BMI > 50 (n = 14). They were compared to control group (n = 39). The following parameters were analyzed and correlated: radiographic arthritis by Kellgren-Lawrence's classification, tibiofemoral axis, gender, age, and knee pain (visual analog scale [VAS]). The Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) was used to evaluate in 21 severe obese patients and IN 19 controls.ResultsA higher incidence of knee pain was observed in the severely obese group when compared with the control group (p < 0.0001, odds ratio: 2.96). In the severely obese group, increasing levels of pain with aging were observed (p = 0.047). A positive correlation was observed between the incidence of radiographic arthritis and increasing age in the severely obese (p = 0.001) and control (p = 0.037) groups. The WOMAC index results were worse in the severely obese group when compared with the control group (p = 0.001, odds ratio: 18.2).ConclusionA higher incidence of knee pain was observed in the severely obese group when compared with the control group. In the severely obese group, there increasing levels of pain with aging. A positive relation between the incidence of arthritis and increasing age was observed in the severely obese and control groups. The WOMAC index results were worse in the severely obese group.

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OBJETIVO: Relatar os aspectos morfológicos e avaliar, radiograficamente, o segmento do tendão do músculo fibular longo em contato com o osso cuboide, em cadáveres, e relatar a incidência do ossículo fibular em seu interior, utilizando-se, em alguns casos, da análise histológica. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Foram estudados 50 segmentos tendinosos, sendo radiografados para determinar a presença ou não de ossículo acessório no interior do tendão. As peças nas quais a presença era duvidosa foram seccionadas e submetidas a avaliação macroscópica. Nos casos em que ainda persistiam dúvidas, as peças foram histologicamente avaliadas em hematoxilina-eosina. Um segmento que demonstrou a presença de ossificação também foi analisado histologicamente, a título de ilustração. RESULTADOS: Todos os fragmentos apresentavam dilatação fusiforme na área de curvatura sob o cuboide. Após o estudo radiográfico, 29 desses fragmentos não tinham ossificação, 13 tinham ossificação e 8 eram duvidosos. Após a análise macroscópica, uma peça apresentou ossificação e cinco, não. As duas peças restantes continuaram indefinidas, sendo então analisadas histologicamente, e não se observou ossificação. CONCLUSÃO: Todas as peças demonstraram espessamento local na curvatura sob o cuboide. Entretanto, após análise quantitativa, nos dois casos submetidos ao estudo histológico foi verificado que o tendão era composto de fibrocartilagem e revestido por cartilagem hialina na superfície de contato com o osso. Assim, os segmentos apresentaram o ossículo fibular do ponto de vista morfológico em 28%, e do ponto de vista radiográfico, em 26% dos casos.