The rising incidence of urinary bladder cancer is alarming and potential relationships with different risk factors have been postulated. The purpose of this study was to examine the possible relationship between different environmental risk factors and urinary bladder cancer. All men with urinary bladder cancer who were admitted to the Department of Urology of Reina Sofia University Hospital of Cordoba, Spain over 1 year were included in our study. Men were administered an interview questionnaire, which included data on history of known urinary bladder cancer risk factors. Comparisons between men with urinary bladder cancer (cases) and those with nonmalignant urological disease (controls) were made. The study included 74 cases and 89 controls. The variables associated with malignant lesions on univariate analysis were age, smoking and drinking alcohol. Meanwhile, fish, poultry and beef consumption were proved to be protective factors. The risk factors identified by the logistic regression analysis were age, smoking and fluid intake. The independent protective factors on the multivariate analysis were fish and poultry consumptions. Smoking was found to be the principal independent risk factors for urinary bladder cancer. Our results call for further investigation of urinary bladder cancer risk factors; future studies should preferably be performed on large prospective cohorts, to increase their validity.
The objective of this research was to analyze the psychometric properties of the Sport Satisfaction Instrument in a Spanish sample, adapted to Physical Education. The aim is to determine whether it constitutes a valid and reliable instrument to use in future research. It was administered to a total of 2002 high school students from 12 to 19 years old, analyzing the structure of the instrument through confirmatory procedures and supporting the hypothesized theoretical model of two factors (Satisfaction/fun and Boredom). The Spanish version of the instrument for Physical Education showed acceptable levels of internal consistency and temporal stability. Concurrent validity was explored through correlations with other dimensions, as well as differences by sex and age. Correlations between Satisfaction/fun and Task orientation were positive, whereas Boredom did not correlate with Ego orientation, but, on the other hand, a significant and negative relationship was found with Task orientation for both sexes Keywords: Physical Education, satisfaction, fun, boredom, psychometric properties, SSI-EF.
ResumenEl objetivo de esta investigación ha sido analizar las propiedades psicométricas del Sport Satisfaction Instrument adaptado a Educación Física en una muestra española. Con ello se pretendió determinar si constituye un instrumento válido y fiable para su utilización en futuras investigaciones. Se administró a un total de 2002 estudiantes de secundaria de 12 a 19 años, analizándose la estructura del instrumento mediante procedimientos confirmatorios. Este análisis apoya el modelo teórico hipotetizado de dos factores (satisfacción/diversión y aburrimiento). La versión española del instrumento para Educación Fí-sica mostró niveles aceptables de consistencia interna y estabilidad temporal. La validez concurrente se exploró mediante correlación con otras dimensiones y diferencias por sexo y edad. Las correlaciones fueron positivas entre la satisfacción/diversión y la orientación a la tarea, mientras que el aburrimiento no correlacionó con la orientación al ego. El aburrimiento correlacionó significativa y negativamente con la orientación a la tarea en ambos sexos.
Although our pooled estimate shows that the petroleum industry is associated with the risk of urinary bladder cancer, the eight studies were based on retrospective data from case-control studies. Further prospective studies evaluating the association between petroleum industry and urinary bladder cancer risk are strongly needed.
Rare diseases are a real public health problem for hospitals and also for primary care. We describe some metaphor-based diagnosis procedures, such as: "When you hear hoof beats don't always think horses, sometimes they could be zebras", or that one about the antiquarian who recognised a museum masterpiece while walking in the Rastro (Madrid). The "lightning diagnoses" by Skoda are an important historic record. T. Greenhalgh has tried to cover the gap between evidence based medicine and the intuitive diagnosis. We point out some clinical epidemiology rules in order to improve their early detection by family practitioners and paediatricians. In our opinion, the training in the diagnosis of rare diseases has to be different for primary care level and for hospital doctors. Concept maps are useful for diagnosis in primary care clinics.
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