RESUMOA presente investigação visa avaliar e comparar a inteligência geral e o conhecimento específico do jogo em jovens praticantes de Futebol segundo o nível competitivo. Para tal, foram utilizados o teste de atenção de Toulouse-Piéron, o teste das figuras idênticas de Thurstone e as matrizes progressivas de Raven, para avaliar os processos cognitivos gerais dos jovens futebolistas, bem como o protocolo de avaliação do conhecimento específico do jogo construído por Mangas (1999) e aperfeiçoado por Correia (2000). Estes instrumentos foram aplicados a uma amostra de 44 praticantes federados de Futebol de diferentes níveis competitivos, com uma média de idades de 16.00±0.53 para o grupo de nível competitivo superior e de 16.13±0.63 para o grupo de nível competitivo inferior. Os resultados mostraram uma tendência de maior conhecimento específico da modalidade em situações ofensivas para o grupo de futebolistas federados de nível competitivo superior, em relação aos de nível competitivo inferior, apesar das diferenças encontradas não se terem revelado estatisticamente significativas. Inversamente ao sucedido para o conhecimento especí-fico do jogo, no que respeita à inteligência geral, os jogadores com nível competitivo inferior apresentaram valores superiores e estatisticamente significativos quando comparados com os do grupo de nível competitivo superior.Palavras-chave: Futebol; Táctica; Inteligência; Conhecimento específico do jogo. Mangas (1999) ABSTRACT Intelligence and game understanding in young soccer players at different competitive levels In this research, it is intended to evaluate and to compare the general intelligence and the specific knowledge of the game in young Soccer practitioners according to the competition level. The Toulouse-Piéron attention test, the Thurstone identical figures test and the Raven Progressive Matrixes (to evaluate the general cognitive processes of the young Soccer players) were used to evaluate the general cognitive processes of the young soccer players. To evaluate the game's specific knowledge a protocol built by

The purpose of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of the Portuguese versions of the Sport Anxiety Scale and of the Brief COPE, as well as of the Cognitive Appraisal Scale in Sport Competition– Threat Perception, namely regarding their factor structure validity and internal consistency. Participants were 550 male and female athletes of several sports, aged 15 to 35 years old (M=19.8; SD=4.5). Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis indicated that the instruments demonstrated good psychometric properties. In general, the measurement models provided a good fit to the empirical data and with the exception of some scales of the Brief COPE, the calculated Cronbach's a coefficient of reliability indicated adequate internal consistency for the three instruments. Overall, the results of the present study provided evidence for these instruments' validity and reliability, ultimately supporting their importance for research and psychological intervention in sport contexts.

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INTRODUÇÃODe um modo geral, a motivação intrínseca dos indivíduos tem sido tipicamente avaliada a partir da observação da persistência dos seus comportamentos em actividades de livre escolha realizadas após a remoção de constrangimentos ou prémios a elas associados (ver Deci & Ryan, 1980;Ryan, Koestner & Deci, 1991).No entanto, aquela não é a única forma utilizada para avaliar a motivação intrínseca dos indivíduos relativamente a uma determinada actividade, já que, em muitos dos estudos realizados, essa avaliação tem sido processada a partir do recurso a questionários nos quais os indivíduos indicam as suas sensações, fundamentalmente, de prazer, interesse e de competência associadas às tarefas em questão. Halliwell (1980), para além de manifestar a sua preocupação relativamente àquela discrepância entre a teoria e a prática, sugeriu igualmente que «na tentativa de resolver esta questão, os investigadores devem suplementar os ín-59

Over the last decades positive development (PD) has served as a framework for several investigations within the sport science community. In fact, multiple researchers have analyzed youth coaches’ role in PD. However, there is recent interest in exploring high performance coaching due to the complexity of the coaching practice, the different developmental needs presented by players, and the relevance of PD within this particular environment. The purpose of this study was to understand the perspectives of Portuguese football coaches about the importance of PD in high performance coaching. The participants in the study were ten male Portuguese football coaches who trained athletes between the ages of 16 and 39 years of age. Findings showed that coaches viewed winning and on field performance as top priorities in their coaching philosophy, but recognized the importance of PD. Coaches also envisioned the determinant role youth coaches have in this domain. Coaches conceptualized PD as an overarching framework that could be used across the developmental spectrum to convey a range of PD outcomes in high performance contexts such as teamwork, respect for others and transfer to other life domains. Moving forward, coach education courses should help coaches develop strategies to foster PD.

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This document presents a new voltage stability index based on signal processing voltage and impedance ratio, both variables measured at a same point of a power system. This index could be used to define a reliable start of load shedding in order to mitigate voltage instability in power system. The analysis was development from a two bus transmission system, and the methodology has been applied to 14 buses -IEEE system and a zone of the Ecuadorian power system. Index Terms-Intelligent electronic device (IED), voltage collapse, voltage-impedance stability index (VISI), voltage stability.

The purpose of this study was to understand the perceptions of highly skilled and less skilled volleyball players about the influences that parents, coaches, and peers had on their sport development and performance achievement. Highly skilled (n = 30) and less skilled (n = 30) volleyball players participated in semi-structured retrospective interviews to explain how parents, coaches and peers may have influenced their sport participation. Data was analyzed through a process of content analysis. Results indicated that parents, coaches, and peers had an important influence in player's sport development but differing according to players' expertise level. Concerning to parental influences, tangible support during the early years of development was mentioned by all players. However, parents' level of involvement and parenting styles revealed interesting differences between highly skilled and less skilled players. Highly skilled players perceived a moderate parental involvement and an autonomy-supportive parenting style, while less skilled players referred a excessive parental involvement in players' sport participation. Coaches influences showed to have some similarities in the early years with all players mentioning coaches as caring and recognizing their value as an athlete. However, highly skilled players described a different training environment characterized by a demanding coach, individualized instruction, and specific goal setting. Regarding peers' influence, all players recognized that friends were not only one of the main reasons to start playing volleyball, but also an important source of support to remain engaged and staying motivated to do sport. Highly skilled players, however, mentioned the importance of teammates' positive push and critiques during practice for enhancing their motivation, team cohesion and friendship. They also highlighted the importance of friends outside of sport in the later years of their career by acting as an escape from all the pressure that emerged from volleyball training and competition demands. Overall, these findings highlight different social influences according to the players' expertise level suggesting the need to examine more extensively the nature of significant others' support on athlete and talent development.