This article investigates the form of European universities to determine the extent to which they resemble the characteristics of complete organizations and whether the forms are associated with modernization policy pressure, national institutional frames and organizational characteristics. An original data set of twenty-six universities from eight countries was used. Specialist universities have a stronger identity, whereas the level of hierarchy and rationality is clearly associated with the intensity of modernization policies. At the same time, evidence suggests limitations for universities to become complete, as mechanisms allowing the development of some dimensions seemingly constrain the capability to develop others.
Abstract. This paper discusses the driving forces behind the Bologna process, its advantages and possible negative effects. It also analyses the dangers that may result in commoditisation of the European higher education systems, in emergence of rigid accreditation systems and of a centralised bureaucracy that will impair innovation and creativity. The paper develops the idea that the Bologna process may be interpreted as a step in the neo-liberal movement to decrease the social responsibility of the state by shortening the length of pre-graduate studies and transferring responsibility for supporting employability to individuals through graduate studies. Consideration is also given to the mechanisms and forces behind the Bologna process that try to present an apparent climate of consensus despite some obvious difficulties and disagreements at the level of implementation.
Context: During surgery, many patients become hypothermic. Health complications resulting from hypothermia lead to longer hospital stays and increased healthcare costs. Objective: To identify in empirical research results the active warming systems that proved to be most effective in the pre and intraoperative periods to prevent perioperative hypothermia. Methodology: The search was performed using the following keywords: Hypothermia, perioperative nursing, anaesthesia and rewarming. Publications from the last five years (2007-2012), with full text, and written in English, Spanish or Portuguese were included. Articles on pregnant women, neurocritical patients, induced hypothermia and the variables affecting hypothermia were excluded. Results: A total of 30 articles were obtained, seven of which were selected for analysis. Conclusion: Active warming methods are effective measures for the prevention of hypothermia; the combination of warming methods is more effective than an isolated use; and, finally, the forced-air system and circulating water garments proved to be the most effective active warming methods.
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