This paper presents a review of the chemical, physical and morphological characteristics, as well as the existing applications and mechanisms for the production of poly (3-hydroxybutyrate). This biopolymer, which is obtained from renewable sources, degrades when exposed in biologically active environments and is biocompatible, that is, it is not rejected by the human body in health applications. However, in spite of presenting similar properties with some conventional plastics, the PHB exhibits fragile behavior and thermal instability when processed. The literature proposes the use of blends, the development of copolymers or the insertion of additives in an attempt to improve the mechanical and thermal properties of PHB. Key words: Biopolymers; polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA); Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB). Universidad EAFIT 269|From Obtaining to Degradation of PHB: Material Properties. Part I De la obtención a la degradación de PHB: Propiedades del material. Parte I ResumenEste artículo presenta una revisión de las características químicas, físicas y morfológicas, así como las aplicaciones y mecanismos existentes para la producción de poli(3-hidroxibutirato). Este biopolímero, que se obtiene a partir de fuentes renovables, se degrada cuando se expone en ambientes biológicamente activos y es biocompatible, es decir, no es rechazado por el cuerpo humano en aplicaciones de salud. Sin embargo, a pesar de presentar propiedades similares con algunos plásticos convencionales, el PHB exhibe comportamiento frágil e inestabilidad térmica cuando se procesa. La literatura propone el uso de mezclas, el desarrollo de copolímeros o la inserción de aditivos en un intento por mejorar las propiedades mecánicas y térmicas del PHB.Palabras clave: Biopolímeros; degradación de PHB; polihidroxialcanoato (PHA); polihidroxibutirato (PHB).
In our previous review (Part I -Material Properties), the chemical, physical and morphological properties, applications and mechanisms of obtaining poly (3-hydroxybutyrate) were discussed. PHB is a biologically based polymer that presents itself as an ecological option due to its characteristic degradation before environmental factors and due to the action of microorganisms such as algae, fungi and bacteria. In this second review, aspects related to the types of degradation to which this polymer is subjected and the necessary conditions for its degradation are addressed. Among these mechanisms are thermo-degradation, thermo-mechanical degradation, abiotic degradation, photo degradation and biodegradation. It is understood that the degradation of PHB can be seen as an advantageous feature of this material. This review complements the previous one and uses the same terminology. Universidad EAFIT 207|From Obtaining to Degradation of PHB: A Literature Review. Part II Keywords: Biopolymers; degradation of PHB; poly(hydroxyalkanoate) (PHA); poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB).De la obtención a la degradación de PHB: Una revisión de la literatura. Parte II ResumenEn nuestra revisión anterior (parte I -propiedades del material), se discutieron las propiedades químicas, físicas y morfológicas, aplicaciones y mecanismos de obtención del poli (3-hidroxibutirato). El PHB es un polí-mero de base biológica que se presenta como una opción ecológica debido a su característica de degradación en la presencia de factores ambientales y debido a la acción de microorganismos como algas, hongos y bacterias. En esta segunda revisión se abordan aspectos relacionados con los tipos de degradación a los que este polímero está sujeto y las condiciones necesarias para su degradación. Entre estos mecanismos están la degradación térmica, la degradación termomecánica, la degradación abiótica, la foto de degradación y la biodegradación. Se percibe que la degradación del PHB puede ser vista como una característica ventajosa de este material. Esta revisión complementa la anterior y utiliza la misma terminología.Palabras clave: Biopolímeros; degradación de PHB; poli(hidroxialcanoato)(PHA); poli(hidroxibutirato)(PHB).
This article was based on a Distance Education project in the Pedagogy course which, for a semester, through active methodology, reviewed the contents of the course to increase the knowledge of these students as well as to carry out a pilot test of Hybrid Teaching. The research aimed to contribute to studies on the use of WhatsApp as a tool that favors the integration and motivation of students in Online and Hybrid Teaching. The project included classes before the classroom lessons, physical and online presence of tutors and teachers, communication via WhatsApp, e-mail, Facebook and the online course platform to review and raise the course fee, raising doubts and encouraging the participation and integration of each student. The object of the study was the use of WhatsApp throughout the course, due to the adhesion of students and teachers using it as a tool for integration and motivation for the graduates of the 17 poles participating in the project. It is a descriptive research with a quantitative approach and characterized by a survey. 104 students participated in the survey, which guarantees a confidence level of 93%. A questionnaire was elaborated and requested, via Google Forms, to understand aspects of integration and motivation, containing 10 questions using the five-level Likert scale. It was possible to verify that the tool presented a 77% satisfaction index with the use of WhatsApp considering its positive influence in the best use of the studies while 90% considered WhatsApp important in the integration of students with students, and teachers with students. Also corroborated that the student interacts better with the studies when there is an interpersonal relation present, in this case, through the classes of study and face-to-face held weekly and the immediate communication provided by WhatsApp group chats. Finally, there was a strong correlation (r = 0.8) between the intensity of satisfaction with the use of WhatsApp in this project and the satisfaction with the continuity of the use of WhatsApp in other courses.
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