No abstract

RESUMOUm experimento foi desenvolvido no período de janeiro a julho de 2010, no município de Areia, PB, para avaliar o efeito da irrigação com águas salinas, biofertilizante bovino e drenagem do solo sobre o consumo hídrico e o crescimento de mudas de nim. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados com os tratamentos arranjados no esquema fatorial 5 x 2 x 2, com quatro repetições. As plantas foram irrigadas com águas salinas de cinco níveis de salinidade (0,5; 1,5; 3,0; 4,5; 6,0 dS m -1 ) no solo sem e com biofertilizante bovino, em vasos sem e com drenagem na parte final inferior. Nas plantas foram avaliados consumo de água, altura de plantas, diâmetro do caule, número de folhas, matéria seca de raiz, da parte aérea e matéria seca total; no solo, a condutividade elétrica do extrato de saturação -CEes. Depois de diluído em água não salina e não clorada (0,46 dS m -1 ), na razão de 1:1, o biofertilizante foi aplicado uma única vez, dois dias antes da semeadura, a nível de 10% do volume do substrato. A irrigação foi feita diariamente com cada tipo de água fornecendo um volume suficiente para elevar a umidade do solo para o nível de capacidade de campo. Pelos resultados, o aumento da salinidade das águas inibiu o consumo hídrico das plantas, independentemente do solo sem ou com biofertilizante. A salinidade da água no solo sem e com biofertilizante inibiu o crescimento do nim porém com maior drasticidade nos tratamentos sem o insumo orgânico aplicado ao solo na forma líquida. Palavras-chave: fertilização orgânica, nim indiano, salinidadeInitial growth and water consumption of neem under salt stress and bovine biofertilizer ABSTRACT An experiment was carried out during the period of January to July/2010, in municipality of Areia, Paraiba State, Brazil, in order to evaluate effects of the irrigation with saline water, bovine biofertilizer and drainage of the soil on water consumption and growth of neem seedlings. The experimental design was in randomized blocks using factorial 5x2x2, referring to five levels of saline water (0.5; 1.5; 3.0; 4.5; 6.0 dS m -1 ) in soil without and with bovine biofertilizer and in pots without and with drainage. In plants the water consumption, growth in height, stem diameter, number of leaves, dry matter of roots, aerial part and total dry mass were evaluated and in soil the electrical conductivity of saturation extract -EC was determined. The bovine biofertilizer, after dilution in non saline water (0.49 dS m -1 ) e no chlorinated water in 1:1 ratio was applied once two days before sowing, equivalent to 10% of substrate volume. Irrigation was applied daily with each water type applying volume sufficient to maintain the soil with water content at level of field capacity. From results the increase in salinity of water inhibited the water consumption by plants independently of the soil with or without bovine biofertilizer. The salinity of water in soil with and without bovine biofertilizer also reduced the growth of neem plants but with more pronounced effect in the treat...

O experimento foi conduzido no período de janeiro a junho de 2010, em casa de vegetação, do DSER/CCA/UFPB, Areia, PB, para avaliar o efeito da salinidade da água de irrigação e biofertilizante bovino na formação de mudas de nim, no solo com sistemas de drenagem agrícola. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 5 x 2 x 2, com quatro repetições, referente a cinco níveis de salinidade da água de irrigação: 0,5; 1,5; 3,0; 4,5 e 6,0 dS m-1, no solo sem e com biofertilizante bovino, na ausência e presença de drenagem. As variáveis analisadas foram: comprimento e diâmetro radicular, alocação de biomassa (raízes + caules + folhas) e índice de qualidade de Dickson. O biofertilizante bovino e a drenagem do solo proporcionaram melhores condições de crescimento e desenvolvimento para formação de mudas de nim se comparado ao solo sem o respectivo insumo, independentemente do nível de salinidade das águas de irrigação.

, PB, no período de janeiro a abril de 2010. O substrato constou de material de um Neossolo Quartzarênico não salino, coletado na camada de 0-20 cm. Os tratamentos foram dispostos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 5 x 2, referente aos níveis de salinidade da água de irrigação de 0,5; 1,0; 2,0; 3,0 e 4,0 dS m -1 , no solo sem e com biofertilizante comum, aplicado ao solo uma única vez, após diluição em água, na proporção de 1:1, um dia antes da semeadura, em volume correspondente a 10% do volume do substrato. Aos 86 dias após a emergência das plântulas normais avaliaram-se o crescimento em altura e o comprimento da raiz, diâmetro do caule e da raiz, número de folhas e a massa seca das raízes e parte aérea das plantas. O conteúdo salino da água de irrigação elevou a condição salina do substrato ao ponto de comprometer o crescimento em altura e diâmetro do caule, número de folhas, diâmetro e comprimento da raiz principal, massa seca das raízes e parte aérea (folhas + caule) do nim mas com declínios menos pronunciados nos tratamentos com biofertilizante bovino. Palavras-chave: Azadirachta indica, estresse salino, insumo orgânicoBehavior of neem seedlings under water salinity in a non-saline soil with biofertilizer application A B ST R A C T An experiment was carried out in greenhouse during the period January to April 2010, at Center of Agricultural Sciences of the Federal University of Paraiba, in Areia, Paraiba State, Brazil, in order to evaluate the effects of saline water and bovine biofertilizer on the seedling growth of Indian neem. The substrate was material of a non-saline soil collected in depth of 0-20 cm. The treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design using a 5 x 2 factorial, referring to salinity levels of irrigation water of 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 and 4.0 dS m -1 , with and without bovine biofertilizer applied to the soil only once after dilution with water (1:1), a day before sowing, in volume corresponding to 10% of the substrate. At 86 days after emergence of seedlings the plant growth in height and principal root length, diameter of stem and root, leaf number and dry mass of roots and shoots of plants were evaluated. The salinity of irrigation water increased the salinity levels in the substrate inhibiting the growth in height, stem diameter, leaf emission by plants, diameter and length of principal root and the dry matter production of roots and aerial parts (leaves + stem) of neem, but with less pronounced decrease in plants under the treatments with bovine biofertilizer.

Water used for irrigation in semiarid regions of the world is not always of good quality, and may contain salts levels that inhibit plants growth. This study was conducted to evaluate the growth of papaya (Carica papaya L.) 'Golden' seedlings irrigated with saline water in soil with and without bovine biofertilizer produced by anaerobic fermentation of a mixture of fresh bovine manure and water. The experiment was carried out in Areia County, Paraiba State, Brazil. Treatments were distributed in randomized blocks using a factorial design 5 × 2 relative to five salinity levels in irrigation water of 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 and 4.0 dS m -1 in soil with and without bovine biofertilizer, corresponding to 10% of the substrate volume. At 90 d after emergence (DAE), both the electrical conductivity (EC) in soil saturation extract, biometric growth and DM production of papaya seedlings were evaluated. Increased salinity from 0.5 to 4.0 dS m -1 raised, within 90 DAE, soil EC of saturation extract (ECse) from 1.19 to 3.95 dS m -1 and from 1.23 to 3.63 dS m -1 in treatments with and without bovine biofertilizer, respectively. Also, the increase in water salinity from 0.5 dS m -1 to the estimated maximum values ranging from 1.46 to 2.13 dS m -1 stimulated seedling height to 11.42 and 18.72 cm in soil with and without bovine biofertilizer, respectively. Higher salinity levels in irrigation water increased soil salinity levels to values that inhibited both growth and quality of papaya seedlings, but with less severity when treated with bovine biofertilizer.

Adequate nutritional management of any plant species requires quantifying the nutrients accumulated in the plant and knowing their allocation in the different organs. The objective of this study was to evaluate the partitioning, accumulation, export of macronutrients and the nutritional efficiency of fertigated Prata banana plants. A historical survey of annual fruit productivity was conducted in 66 plots of Prata banana, selecting four that met the annual productivity classes (< 30.0; 30.0 = 37.5; 37.5 = 45.0 and > 45.0 t ha-1). The dry matter weights of the different organs of parent plant and follower, as well as the respective contents of macronutrients, were used to estimate the accumulation, partitioning, export, sequence of accumulation of macronutrients and nutritional efficiency using the coefficient of biological utilization (CBU). The partitioning of macronutrient accumulation varied with productivity class and plant organ. The average distribution of nutrients in the parent plant and in the follower ranged from 67.5 to 82.8 % and from 17.2 to 32.5 %, respectively. Macronutrient exports per ton of bunch were 4.334, 1.660, 0.361, 0.224, 0.148 and 0.119 kg t-1 for K, N, P, Mg, S and Ca, respectively. Banana mats have a nutrient partitioning pattern for different yields, that is, this work provides evidence that there is an “ideal compartmentalization” that promotes higher productivity; however, more research is needed to support this statement. The most exported nutrients per ton of bunch were K and N. The descending order of accumulation was: K > N > Ca > Mg > P > S. It was observed that the CBUs of N and P were less sensitive to productivity variations, while those of Ca and Mg were the most sensitive.

Fertigation management of banana plantations at a plot scale is expanding rapidly in Brazil. To guide nutrient management at such a small scale, genetic, environmental and managerial features should be well understood. Machine learning and compositional data analysis (CoDa) methods can measure the effects of feature combinations on banana yield and rank nutrients in the order of their limitation. Our objectives are to review ML and CoDa models for application at regional and local scales, and to customize nutrient diagnoses of fertigated banana at the plot scale. We documented 940 “Prata” and “Cavendish” plot units for tissue and soil tests, environmental and managerial features, and fruit yield. A Neural Network informed by soil tests, tissue tests and other features was the most proficient learner (AUC up to 0.827). Tissue nutrients were shown to have the greatest impact on model accuracy. Regional nutrient standards were elaborated as centered log ratio means and standard deviations of high-yield and nutritionally balanced specimens. Plot-scale diagnosis was customized using the closest successful factor-specific tissue compositions identified by the smallest Euclidean distance from the diagnosed composition using centered or isometric log ratios. Nutrient imbalance differed between regional and plot-scale diagnoses, indicating the profound influence of local factors on plant nutrition. However, plot-scale diagnoses require large, reliable datasets to customize nutrient management using ML and CoDa models.

The importance of mineral nutrition to the various plant species has been recognized for many years. Since nutrients are directly linked to physiological and metabolic processes, they promote the growth of rootstocks and seedlings, contributing to the formation of more productive orchards. As a consequence of the lack of technical information for most fruit trees, fertilization in nurseries has still been carried out empirically, sometimes underestimating or overestimating nutritional requirements and compromising the quality of plants produced. Given the importance of mineral nutrition in the formation of high-quality seedlings and the lack of scientific information on the topic, the aim of the present review was to raise interest in further research, and contribute to produce nutritionally balanced fruit seedlings.