RESUMO -Neste trabalho avaliou-se o efeito da premunização com duas estirpes fracas do vírus-domosaico-do-mamoeiro -estirpe melancia (papaya ringspot virus -type W, PRSV-W), combinada com a tolerância das plantas, no controle do mosaico e na produtividade da abóbora Menina Brasileira. Testes realizados em casa de vegetação mostraram que as plantas dessa cultivar premunizadas com as estirpes fracas PRSV-W-1 e 2 ficaram totalmente protegidas contra a infecção por uma estirpe severa de Campinas. Em condições de campo avaliou-se comparativamente a produção de plantas premunizadas, infectadas com a estirpe severa de Campinas, e sadias e expostas à infecção natural (controle). A proteção foi medida com base na produção individual das plantas, cujos frutos foram classificados em comerciais e não-comerciais. As plantas premunizadas tiveram uma produção média de frutos comerciais (peso) 33% superior à daquelas naturalmente infectadas em campo. Quanto ao número de frutos comerciais, o aumento foi da ordem de 50%. A premunização combinada com a tolerância da abóbora Menina Brasileira permitiu um melhor controle do mosaico, com ganhos na produção de frutos comerciais.Termos para indexação: Cucurbita moschata, controle de doença. EFFECTS OF CROSS PROTECTION WITH MILD STRAINS OF PRSV-W ON MENINA BRASILEIRA SQUASHABSTRACT -Cross protection with mild strains combined with tolerance was evaluated for control of papaya ringspot virus -type W (PRSV-W) in squash cultivar Menina Brasileira. Tests carried out in the greenhouse showed that plants premunized with PRSV-W-1 and 2 mild strains were protected against infection with a severe strain of the virus. Protection in the field was evaluated comparing plants premunized with the mild strains, plants infected with severe strains and healthy plants exposed to natural infection (control). Protection index was obtained through yield of marketable and non marketable fruits harvested from individual plants. Average yield (weight) of marketable fruits from protected plants was approximately 33% higher than that of naturally infected plants in the field. Combination of mild strain protection and tolerance of Menina Brasileira provided a better disease control with a significant increase of fruit yield.
RESUMO: A interpretação das hipóteses testadas através da análise de variância de dados agropecuários balanceados pode ser feita, em geral, sem grandes problemas, mormente para experimentos bem planejados e bem conduzidos. Se, no entanto, os dados são desbalanceados e apresentam caselas vazias, então a interpretação das hipóteses testadas através das somas de quadrados fornecidas pelos pacotes estatísticos disponíveis pode ser extremamente difícil para os estatísticos e praticamente impossível para os profissionais das ciências aplicadas, usuários de pacotes estatísticos. Neste estudo, discute-se a interpretação das hipóteses mais comumente testadas através do procedimento GLM (General Linear Models) do sistema SAS (Statistical Analysis System), visando alertar os usuários sobre os problemas inerentes à opção por aquela que melhor espelha os objetivos de suas pesquisas. Descritores: hipóteses estatísticas, caselas vazias, SAS/GLMABSTRACT -The interpretation of the tested hypothesis through variance analysis of balanced agricultural data, can be made, in general, without great difficulties, specially hi the case of well designed and well conducted experiments. If, however, data is not balanced and missing plots are present, the interpretation of the tested hypothesis through the sums of squares given by the available statistical packages, may be extremely difficult for statisticians, and practically impossible for profissionals of applied sciences, which use these packages. In this study, the interpretation of the most common tested hypothesis is discussed through the General Linear Models (GLM) procedure of the Statistical Analysis System (SAS), with the objective of alerting users about the problems related to the choice of the hypothesis that best reflects the objectives of his research.
O modelo misto consiste numa importante classe de modelos que tem sido tradicionalmente analisada por meio de procedimentos da análise de variância. Nos modelos mistos, três aspectos são fundamentais: estimação e testes de hipóteses dos efeitos fixos, predição dos efeitos aleatórios e estimação dos componentes de variância. Na análise de modelos lineares mistos desbalanceados, a estimação dos componentes de variância é de fundamental importância e depende da estrutura de covariâncias e dos métodos de estimação utilizados. Nesse contexto, este artigo pretende apresentar os principais métodos de estimação e de análise utilizados no estudo de modelos lineares mistos com estruturas gerais de covariâncias nos efeitos aleatórios, disponíveis no procedimento MIXED, do SAS (Statistical Analysis System).
o procedimento GLM do sistema estatístico SAS apresenta quatro tipos de somas de quadrados para testar hipóteses sobre dados desbalanceados. Essas somas de quadrados são obtidas a partir de funções estimáveis construídas pelo SAS. Os mecanismos usados para a construção desses quatro tipos de funções estimáveis são aqui discutidas e ilustradas, passo a passo, em exemplos numéricos.
The General Linear Models Procedure (PROC GLM) of the Statistical Analysis Sistem (SAS), presents four types of sums of squares for testing hypothesis on unbalanced data. These sums of squares are obtained from estimated functions built by SAS. The used mechanisms for the building up of these four types of estimated functions are illustred and discussed with numerical examples, step by step
290 Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a fatal cancer without curative option for most patients. Hence the importance to improve health related quality of life (HRQoL). Amplitude-modulated radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (EMF), as a novel and non-toxic therapy, has potential for improving HRQoL in advanced HCC patients. Methods: An open-label, single center, prospective clinical protocol was performed in advanced HCC patients as an initial and salvage treatment modality. Systemic exposure to EMF was used in combination with a systemic conventional treatment or as a single treatment. A spoon-shaped antenna placed in the oral cavity delivered EMF over 90 minutes with monthly repetitions until death or consent withdrawal. The effect on HRQoL was the primary objective of this study. Patients answered the EORTC-C30 v3.0 questionnaires prior to every EMF exposure. Clinically meaningful change (CMC) and time to deterioration (TTD) for Global Health (QoL), Role Functioning (RF) and Physical Functioning (PF) were used in the analysis. Results: From March 2018 to April 2020, 55 advanced HCC patients were submitted to 373 EMF exposures. 41/55 (75%) patients had repetitive exposures (mean # 4, ranging from 2-16). 87% were male, median age was 67, 84% were BLCL-C, 16% were Child-Pugh B, 29% had extra-hepatic metastasis, 55% had failed previous treatment and 71% had documented radiological progression. 31(56%) patients received EMF in combination with systemic therapy (28 TKI and 3 anti-PDL1). 24 patients received EMF as a single treatment modality. The mean baseline score was 68.1 for QoL and 77.1 for RF and PF. 61%, 76% and 49% of patients experienced positive change in QoL, RF and PS scores immediately prior to the second exposure, respectively. +CMC was reported in 20%, 17% and 32% of patients, respectively for QoL, RF and PS. The median QoL TTD was not reached. The median RF TTD was 7.2 month and the median PF TTD was 11.9 month. The median RF TTD for patients in combination treatment was 11.4 months and in a single treatment was 13.5 month. The median PF TTD for patients in combination treatment was 12.8 months and in single treatment was 14.5 month. Conclusions: Advanced HCC patients showed positive changes in QoL, RF and PF HRQoL scores after single exposure to EMF. The benefit from EMF in HRQoL was durable both in combination with TKI or as a single modality in advanced HCC patients. These results support future development as a novel palliative treatment modality in advanced HCC patients. Clinical trial information: NCT 01686412.
RESUMO: A estimação dos componentes de variância em modelos mistos tem merecido, nas últimas décadas, atenção especial dos pesquisadores. Sendo assim, vários métodos de estimação têm sido propostos, e diante de tal disponibilidade, escolher um deles pode não ser uma questão trivial. Nesse contexto, buscando fornecer aos usuários dos métodos de estimação de componentes de variância em modelos mistos desbalanceados, subsídios para uma opção tão confortável quanto possível do método mais adequado para a obtenção das estimativas, em suas pesquisas, o presente artigo apresenta, com ilustrações numéricas, os principais métodos de estimação. Ademais, apresenta, aos usuários não iniciados, conceitos introdutórios necessários para a utilização do PROC MIXED do Sistema Estatístico SAS, na obtenção das estimativas dos componentes de variância através dos métodos ali disponíveis, considerando a ocorrência de diferentes matrizes de variâncias e covariâncias. Palavras-chave: PROC MIXED, SAS, componentes de variância, modelo misto ESTIMATION METHODS OF VARIANCE COMPONENTS IN UNBALANCED MIXED MODELSABSTRACT: Scientists have been giving especial attention to the estimation of variance components in mixed models in the last decades. Consequently several estimation methods have been proposed, what makes the choice of one among them difficult. Aiming to subsidize users of estimation methods of variance components in unbalanced mixed models, aiming to make a better choice in obtaining these estimatives this paper presents, using numerical examples, the main methods of estimation. It also helps beginners with the introductory concepts they need to use the PROC MIXED programfrom the SAS Statistical system, to obtain the estimatives of variance components trough the available methods there presented, considering the occurence of different matrices of variance and covariance.
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