The rapid spread of glyphosate-resistant sourgrass populations generates concern in the agricultural production sector in Brazil. Nonetheless, there is not much information related to the frequency and dispersion of sourgrass throughout recent years. We investigated the frequency and dispersion of glyphosate-resistant sourgrass populations in Brazilian agricultural regions as part of a larger-scale weed resistance monitoring study. A discriminatory rate of 960 g ae ha−1of glyphosate was used on plants at the 2- to 3-tiller stage, originating from 2,593 populations of sourgrass sampled in 329 counties in 14 Brazilian states between 2012 and 2015. The dispersion of sourgrass populations originated in western Paraná State, next to the Paraguay border, where the first resistance case was reported. Its dispersion to the central region of Brazil, mainly in soybean-producing areas, is most likely a consequence of agricultural equipment movement and wind-mediated dispersal. Glyphosate-resistant sourgrass populations were found in every geographical region across all Brazilian states tested. These data highlight the importance of an appropriate weed resistance monitoring program to track the evolution and dispersion of resistance to mitigate these issues by focusing efforts regionally and raising awareness among stakeholders in each region.
O tamarindeiro é uma frutífera importante ocorrente no Cerrado brasileiro e com sistema radicular profundo e possui resistência à seca prolongada. Seus frutos são utilizados na culinária; suas sementes, em forragem animal, e seu óleo, na indústria farmacêutica. Diante do exposto, este trabalho teve o objetivo de avaliar a formação de mudas de pé-franco de tamarindeiro, em diferentes composições de substratos e ambientes protegidos. As mudas foram produzidas em estufa agrícola, coberta com filme de polietileno de baixa densidade de 150 μm e tela termorrefletora de 50% de sombreamento sob o filme; viveiro com tela preta de monofilamento de 50% de sombreamento e viveiro com tela termorrefletora de 50% de sombreamento. Em cada ambiente de cultivo, foram testados os substratos: 100% de solo; 80% de solo e 20% de composto orgânico; 60% de solo e 40% de composto orgânico; 40% de solo e 60% de composto orgânico; 20% de solo e 80% de composto orgânico, e 100% de composto orgânico. O efeito do ambiente foi examinado usando procedimento estatístico para análise de experimentos combinados (grupos de experimentos). Dentro dos ambientes, um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado foi adotado, com oito repetições. O substrato com 80% de solo e 20% de Organosuper® foi o mais propício para a formação das mudas. A estufa agrícola foi o melhor ambiente para a formação das mudas de tamarindeiro.
Herbicide resistance has become a major concern for agricultural systems, and integrating weed management practices seem to be the most promise way for its mitigation. The effects of cropping systems including ruzigrass (Urochloa ruziziensis) associated with herbicide rotation programs were evaluated for the management of glyphosate resistant conyza (Conyza sumatrensis) and sourgrass (Digitaria insularis) in soybean and corn production systems. A 3x3 factorial was evaluated in four consecutive soybean (spring-summer) and corn (fall-winter) double cropping seasons. Factor A consisted of three combinations of cropping systems in the fall-winter: corn, corn plus ruzigrass, and ruzigrass alone. Factor B was based on increasing levels of diversity in herbicide mode of action over the four-year period (5, 8, and 11 MoAs). The results indicate that using ruzigrass significantly increased soil coverage by cover crop residues. In general, the cover crop was more efficient for conyza than for sourgrass control, whereas herbicide programs provided greater control on sourgrass than on conyza. Besides the weed suppression effect, the accumulation of ruzigrass biomass on the soil surface during the fall-winter also improved yield of soybean in the spring-summer. The integration of ruzigrass as a cover crop and the use of herbicide programs with multiple modes of action can provide efficient control of glyphosate-resistant conyza and sourgrass. The use of only one of these strategies was not effective in most cases, especially for the long term.
Fig tree (Ficus carica L.) is a fruit of great importance worldwide, being able to be implanted as new source of agricultural variability. The aim of the present work was to characterize the active germplasm bank of fig trees by means of morphological descriptors of 45 fig accessions at the Faculty of Agrarian and Technological Sciences, Campus of Dracena, FCAT / UNESP aiming at the recognition of the quality and genetic variability potential of the species. Thus, their biometric characteristics were evaluated by qualitative and quantitative descriptors of leaves and fruits. Fig tree accessions were characterized by means of the morphological characteristics of leaves and fruits, identifying AGB with high phenotypic variability and well adapted to the region and, by the analysis of the qualitative and quantitative characteristics, it was concluded that the most divergent accessions presented characteristics of agronomic interest, allowing the selection of features in order to subsidize conservation works, genetic improvement and crop production.
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