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[1] Using thermal infrared images recorded by a permanent thermal camera network maintained on Stromboli volcano (Italy), together with satellite and helicopter-based thermal image surveys, we have compiled a chronology of the events and processes occurring before and during Stromboli's 2007 effusive eruption. These digital data also allow us to calculate the effusion rates and lava volumes erupted during the effusive episode. At the onset of the 2007 eruption, two parallel eruptive fissures developed within the northeast crater, eventually breaching the NE flank of the summit cone and extending along the eastern margin of the Sciara del Fuoco. These fed a main effusive vent at 400 m above sea level to feed lava flows that extended to the sea. The effusive eruption was punctuated, . In this paper, we discuss similarities and differences between these two effusive events and interpret the processes occurring in 2007 in terms of the recent dynamics witnessed at Stromboli.Citation: Calvari, S

The onset of Mt. Etna's 2002–03 eruption was marked by intense explosive activity beginning on 27 October 2002 and persisting until 30 December. This phase of activity produced abundant ash emission that impacted the local economy and air traffic. Thereafter, explosive activity declined with the eruption ceasing on 28 January 2003. In this paper, we present field data collected during the eruption and use these to obtain input data for tephra dispersal model. This was applied, after validation, to extrapolate the total distribution of the deposits emplaced during the explosive activity. Detailed sampling of fallout deposits was completed on 27, 28, 31 October and 4 November. This enabled construction of isomass maps and calculation of the erupted mass. Grain‐size analysis of all collected samples was used to reconstruct the total grain‐size distribution which displays a peak at 0.5 Φ. Column height was estimated at 3.3–7 km by combining barometrical altimeter data during over‐flights with the analysis of images and videos. This was used to estimate a total erupted mass of 4.4 ± 0.6 × 1010 kg. Simulations showed that the deposit was significantly affected by variations in wind direction and mass eruption rate, with deposits being dispersed mainly on the E sector of the volcano due to a dominant easterly wind. Our study underlines that basaltic volcanoes, such as Etna, can produce huge amounts of ash, as well as lava, and that an improvement in the knowledge of dispersal processes during prolonged explosive activity is required to better mitigate the associated hazards.

In 2019, Stromboli volcano experienced one of the most violent eruptive crises in the last hundred years. Two paroxysmal explosions interrupted the ‘normal’ mild explosive activity during the tourist season. Here we integrate visual and field observations, textural and chemical data of eruptive products, and numerical simulations to analyze the eruptive patterns leading to the paroxysmal explosions. Heralded by 24 days of intensified normal activity and 45 min of lava outpouring, on 3 July a paroxysm ejected ~6 × 107 kg of bombs, lapilli and ash up to 6 km high, damaging the monitoring network and falling towards SW on the inhabited areas. Intensified activity continued until the less energetic, 28 August paroxysm, which dispersed tephra mainly towards NE. We argue that all paroxysms at Stromboli share a common pre-eruptive weeks-to months-long unrest phase, marking the perturbation of the magmatic system. Our analysis points to an urgent implementation of volcanic monitoring at Stromboli to detect such long-term precursors.