[1] We present a 30 year long data set of satellite-derived time-averaged lava discharge rates (TADR) for Mount Etna volcano (Sicily, Italy), spanning 1980-2010 and comprising 1792 measurements during 23 eruptions. We use this to classify eruptions on the basis of magnitude and intensity, as well as the shape of the TADR time series which characterizes each effusive event. We find that while 1983-1993 was characterized by less frequent but longer-duration effusive eruptions at lower TADRs, 2000-2010 was characterized by more frequent eruptions of shorter duration and higher TADRs. However, roughly the same lava volume was erupted during both of these 11 year long periods, so that the volumetric output was linear over the entire 30 year period, increasing at a rate of 0.8 m 3 s −1 between 1980 and 2010. The cumulative volume record can be extended back in time using data available in the literature. This allows us to assess Etna's output history over 5 centuries and to place the current trend in historical context. We find that output has been stable at this rate since 1971. At this time, the output rate changed from a low discharge rate phase, which had characterized the period 1759 to 1970, to a high discharge rate phase. This new phase had the same output rate as the high discharge rate phase that characterized the period 1610-1669. The 1610-1669 phase ended with the most voluminous eruption of historic times.Citation: Harris, A., A. Steffke, S. Calvari, and L. Spampinato (2011), Thirty years of satellite-derived lava discharge rates at Etna: Implications for steady volumetric output,
[1] Using thermal infrared images recorded by a permanent thermal camera network maintained on Stromboli volcano (Italy), together with satellite and helicopter-based thermal image surveys, we have compiled a chronology of the events and processes occurring before and during Stromboli's 2007 effusive eruption. These digital data also allow us to calculate the effusion rates and lava volumes erupted during the effusive episode. At the onset of the 2007 eruption, two parallel eruptive fissures developed within the northeast crater, eventually breaching the NE flank of the summit cone and extending along the eastern margin of the Sciara del Fuoco. These fed a main effusive vent at 400 m above sea level to feed lava flows that extended to the sea. The effusive eruption was punctuated, . In this paper, we discuss similarities and differences between these two effusive events and interpret the processes occurring in 2007 in terms of the recent dynamics witnessed at Stromboli.Citation: Calvari, S
[1] The 2008 Plinian eruptions of Kasatochi and Okmok volcanoes were recorded by six remote International Monitoring System infrasound arrays. High-amplitude infrasound at these stations, combined with remote sensing, permits insight into important volcanic source parameters, such as origin times, durations, and source characteristics. Infrasound from the 7-8 August Kasatochi eruption consists of three well-defined eruption pulses, with the first two steam-rich and the last ash-rich. Pulse 2 is the most energetic and impulsive. Okmok produced over 9 h of continuous infrasound on 12-13 July. Acoustic propagation modeling for the Okmok eruption and first Kasatochi pulse predict thermospheric ducting and origin times consistent with seismic and satellite observations. However, theoretical acoustic origin times of pulses 2-3 are predicted to occur ∼15 min earlier than the seismic. Stratospheric ducting for these later pulses provides more consistent origin times. Although both volcanoes ejected ash into the stratosphere (>15 km), Kasatochi produced higher amplitude infrasound than Okmok. Previous studies have shown sustained infrasound with frequencies <0.5 Hz is indicative of high-altitude ash emissions. Kasatochi and Okmok recordings are consistent with this, as stratospheric emissions evident in satellite imagery are correlated with sustained 0.01-0.5 Hz infrasound. Further, the acoustic spectrum shape resembles the spectrum from man-made jets, suggesting a self-similar noise generation mechanism proposed in earlier work. Although uncertainties exist, observations and propagation modeling from Kasatochi suggest self-similarity is apparent at long distances (>2000 km) and does not seem to be appreciably affected by changes in ash content between the eruption pulses.
Emissions estimates of anthropogenic methane (CH4) sources are highly uncertain and many sources related to energy production are localized yet difficult to quantify.Airborne imaging spectrometers like the next generation Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS-NG) are well suited for locating CH4 point sources due to their ability to map concentrations over large regions with the high spatial resolution necessary to resolve localized emissions. AVIRIS-NG was deployed during a field campaign to measure controlled CH4 releases at the Rocky Mountain Oilfield Testing Center (RMOTC) in Wyoming, U.S. for multiple flux rates and flight altitudes. Two algorithms were applied to AVIRIS-NG scenes, a matched filter detection algorithm and a hybrid retrieval approach using the Iterative Maximum a Posteriori Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (IMAP-DOAS) algorithm and Singular Value Decomposition.Plumes for releases as low as 14.16 m 3 /h (0.09 kt/year) were consistently observed by AVIRIS-NG at multiple flight altitudes and images of plumes were in agreement with wind directions measured at ground stations. In some cases plumes as low as 3.40 m 3 /h (0.02 kt/year) were detected, indicating that AVIRIS-NG has the capability of detecting a wide range of fugitive CH4 source categories for natural gas fields. This controlled release experiment is the first of its kind using AVIRIS-NG and demonstrates the utility of imaging spectrometers for direct attribution of emissions to individual point source locations. This is particularly useful given the large uncertainties associated with anthropogenic CH4 emissions, including those from industry, gas transmission lines, and the oil and gas sectors.
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