One of the major contributions of human capital theory and subsequent empirical work has been to prove the important role of years of schooling as a determinant of wages. However, the exact value of such effect, the private return to schooling, and how it should be estimated remain a source of both theoretical and empirical discussion. Some of the open questions refer to which variables should be included as regressors in the wage equations and by which method they can be consistently estimated. In this paper, we add some empirical evidence for the Spanish labour market. Using the instrumental variable -IVapproach proposed by Hausman and Taylor (1981) -HT-and data from the 1994-1997 Spanish section of the European Community Household Panel (ECHP), we contribute to asses the direction and amount of the bias that affects ordinary least squares (OLS) estimation. The HT procedure allows us to take into account the possible endogeneity of education as well as other determinants of wages, while making it unnecessary to use instrumental variables excluded from the earnings equations. These equations are estimated on two incomplete panels, corresponding to male and female wage earners.

Purpose This study aims to analyse the inequalities in access to teleworking in Spain. More specifically, the study examines what factors determine remote working in a pre-pandemic period and during the state of alarm (March 2020). Moreover, the study examines whether telecommuting is related to the likelihood of suffering emotional disorders during lockdowns. Design/methodology/approach The methodological approach followed to analyse access to teleworking mainly consists of the estimation of ordered response models. Two datasets are used: the first is the Survey on Equipment and Use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) in Households, conducted by the Spanish National Statistics Institute (INE) in the pre-pandemic period (2018). The second is the Social Survey 2020. Habits and Living Conditions of the Andalusian Population during the State of Alarm, conducted by the Institute of Statistics and Cartography of Andalusia (IECA) once the state of alarm was declared in Spain. Findings The results obtained indicate that ICT training is a key element in helping to explain the likelihood of working from home. However, some groups of workers might experience difficulties in their transition to teleworking. This could increase labour market segmentation and hinder the transition to the knowledge economy. Moreover, the findings detect that employees working both on the company premises and from home are more likely to suffer emotional disorders. Originality/value The paper sheds new empirical evidence on teleworking in Spain and Andalusia, including some novel methodological aspects to estimate the regressors’ effects on the probability of working from home.

PurposeThis article analyses the social capital's influence on the Spanish labour market. In particular, this study examines to what extent the social capital increases the likelihood of being employed, taking into account different labour market status, and diverse dimensions of the social capital. Focusing on wage earners, it is also analysed whether network structures in Spain influence on the wage earnings.Design/methodology/approachThe methodology applied to analyse the labour market status is a multinomial logit model. For the analysis of wages, it is specified a wage model with sample selection bias. In both cases, social capital indicators are included as regressors.FindingsThe results show that social participation exerts a positive influence on the probability of being self-employed, and lowers the likelihood of being unemployed. Moreover, it is verified that the interaction with family members or close friends influence positively on wages.Research limitations/implicationsFurther research should emphasise how employers assess the workers' competences associated with the social capital.Practical implicationsThe findings provide knowledge to policymakers useful to increase the role of social participation in the labour market.Social implicationsThe importance of social network as an instrument for the job search must be enhanced.Originality/valueThis article overcomes some drawbacks associated with the analysis of social capital from an aggregate perspective. Furthermore, social capital indicators are obtained using the Categorical Principal Components Analysis (CATPCA), which is unprecedented in the economic literature.

PurposeThis article focuses on the Spanish labour market, and its primary objectives are to analyse the factors determining the ICTs usage at workplace, and examine how the workers' e-skills match with the job tasks requiring ICTs. Furthermore, it will explore whether doing ICTs training activities has a positive effect on the probability of carrying out appropriately the ICTs at work.Design/methodology/approachThe methodology applied is an ordered response model analysing how the workers' e-skills match with the knowledge required to the ICTs usage at the job. This econometric specification will control by the selection bias generated because not all employees use ICTs to perform the job tasks. Data are obtained from the Survey on Equipment and Use of ICTs in Households (ICTS-H Survey).FindingsEducational attainment and the type of ICTs training are the most relevant variables to explain the ICTs usage and the quality of the job match.Research limitations/implicationsData used are cross-sectional, and it excludes the possibility of observing how the workers' careers evolve depending on their ICTs training.Practical implicationsThe methodology applied allows the authors to obtain the marginal effects to the variables explaining the probability of using ICTs at job, and how the workers' knowledge match with the e-skill required by the employers.Social implicationsThe results are a source of information to policymakers about how workers face the introduction of ICTs in the labour market.Originality/valueTo the best of author's knowledge, the article's topic and its methodology are unprecedented in the economic literature and, specially, in the Spanish case.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to shed knowledge about the relationship between the inter-firm job mobility and the occupational transitions in Spain during the last years. In particular, it is tested whether if the type of job-to-job mobility (voluntary or involuntary) has some influence on the workers careers. The empirical analysis is based on panel data provided by the Living Condition Survey, which is conducted by the Spanish Statistics Institute (INE). The period analysed covers the years between 2005 and 2010 (both inclusive), what allows observing the labour mobility patterns in the recent Spanish economic crisis. Design/methodology/approach – The econometric specification used to analyse occupational mobility corresponds to a random effect panel multinomial logit model. The econometric model is estimated separately for workers that have remained at the same firm and for workers who have changed firms; for the latter group, a dummy variable indicating whether the individual quit or was laid off is included as a regressor. Findings – The results derived from the estimates of the econometric specifications show that individuals who voluntarily leave a firm find the decision has a positive effect on their careers, as their probability of upward occupational mobility is more than 90 per cent higher than for individuals who leave their previous position as a result of having been laid off. Social implications – This result is an argument in favour of adopting active labour market policies that help improve information flows in the labour market and allow workers a better understanding of potential job offers from outside firms. Originality/value – This paper analyses the relationship between inter-firm mobility and occupational transitions that has not yet addressed in the economic literature for Spain.

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ResumenEste trabajo pretende presentar evidencia empírica sobre los factores que determinan que empresas y trabajadores inviertan en formación laboral. Para ello, se utilizarán datos extraídos del PHOGUE (INE, 1995(INE, -2000. Desde el punto de vista econométrico, esto implica la estimación de modelos tobit de efectos aleatorios. Así, se estima no sólo la probabilidad de realizar algún curso de formación, sino también su duración. Por otra parte, el análisis también diferencia la formación según sea financiada por la empresa o los trabajadores. El considerar por separado el tipo de financiación se debe * Este trabajo se ha realizado en el marco de los proyectos SEJ2007-68045-CO2-01/ECON del Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia y PRY116/09 del Centro de Estudios Andaluces. Asimismo, los autores agradecen los comentarios y sugerencias realizadas por dos evaluadores anóni-mos, que sin duda han contribuido a la mejora de este trabajo.

Equal treatment for men and women is an important objective of labour policy in the European Union, largely because there is ample evidence of gender discrimination in the wages of men and women, which are on an average higher for male workers. Research on male‐female wage differentials provides evidence of a substantial wage differential favouring men after adjusting for human capital and personal characteristics such as education, age, job tenure, and labour force intermittency. However, few studies take into account the role that job mobility plays in this differential, despite its demonstrated importance in explaining the earnings profile of workers. This paper estimates gender wage differentials for workers who switch jobs and those who keep them in order to see whether job mobility enlarges or reduces the gender gap. The study uses microdata relative to Spanish workers gathered from the Households Panel Study (1994‐1997), conducted by the Spanish National Statistics Institute.