There is a higher prevalence of shoulder pain and/or stiffness in people with diabetes mellitus. The differences observed between those with diabetes and those without can largely be explained by the confounding factors of age, sex, obesity, and current smoking.

Our population-based cohort study did not demonstrate any increased mortality risk for patients diagnosed with biopsy-proven GCA. The risk of death from infection early in the disease may be increased.

This cohort study did not demonstrate any increased risk for malignancy in subjects with biopsy-proven GCA.

Hand symptoms were present in 14% of the population and were more common in women and those aged ≥ 50 years. Hand symptoms were associated with reduced grip strength and reduced quality of life. Hand arthritis was associated with higher AUSCAN scores. Hand symptoms and hand arthritis have a significant impact on physical functioning and quality of life.

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