COVID-19 presents with a wide range of clinical neurological manifestations. It has been recognized that SARS-CoV-2 infection affects both the central and peripheral nervous system, leading to smell and taste disturbances; acute ischemic and hemorrhagic cerebrovascular disease; encephalopathies and seizures; and causes most surviving patients to have long lasting neurological symptoms. Despite this, typical neuropathological features associated with the infection have still not been identified. Studies of post-mortem examinations of the cerebral cortex are obtained with difficulty due to laboratory safety concerns. In addition, they represent cases with different neurological symptoms, age or comorbidities, thus a larger number of brain autoptic data from multiple institutions would be crucial. Histopathological findings described here are aimed to increase the current knowledge on neuropathology of COVID-19 patients. We report post-mortem neuropathological findings of ten COVID-19 patients. A wide range of neuropathological lesions were seen. The cerebral cortex of all patients showed vascular changes, hyperemia of the meninges and perivascular inflammation in the cerebral parenchyma with hypoxic neuronal injury. Perivascular lymphocytic inflammation of predominantly CD8-positive T cells mixed with CD68-positive macrophages, targeting the disrupted vascular wall in the cerebral cortex, cerebellum and pons were seen. Our findings support recent reports highlighting a role of microvascular injury in COVID-19 neurological manifestations.

The koebner phenomenon is called also "isomorphism reactive", a reaction normally is isomorphic skin that mimics the typical lesion skin pathology in place in the patient after a trauma, often associated with active disease dermatology. However, this reaction may also be present in the absence of a skin disorder, in this case it has been speculated that this phenomenon may represent a genetic predisposition or a form whisk in a specific dermatological disease. We report the clinical case of a patient who developed psoriatic lesions after a tattoo aesthetic lips. This is this is a typical example of a koebner phenomenon.

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<p class="abstract">Pruritus of unknown origin is defined as itching lasting for more than 3 weeks without a clear identifiable cause. Aetiology of itching is wide ranging and includes chronic renal failure, cholestasis and internal malignancy. Iron deficiency has been described to be causative of pruritus but the mechanism underlying this association remains unclear. We report the case of a female patient with iron deficiency anemia and generalized pruritus, resolved after intravenous administration of iron-complex supplements and we explained a possible mechanism between this association.</p>

Emerging literature evidence shows that the manifestations of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19), which is the disease caused by SARS‐CoV‐2, encompass alterations of the pulmonary, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and neurological system. Moreover, hematologic and dermatologic manifestations have been documented. The aim of this review is to summarize the dermatologic manifestations of COVID‐19 involving the hair and nails in a narrative way. A total of 1136 patients have been reported to have de novo hair loss following COVID‐19. Notably, 958 patients experienced telogen effluvium (TE) (female/male ratio = 3,86:1), two female patients experienced anagen effluvium, and 176 people had alopecia areata (female/male ratio of 19:3). Ten patients were reported to have ungual changes following the infection with the novel coronavirus: The individuals affected were 6 women and 4 men. COVID‐19 can be associated with hair and ungual manifestations. This review summarizes the evidence regarding the hair and ungual manifestations of COVID‐19, which could be harnessed to better understand the clinical implications and pathophysiology of this disease that has been burdening society globally since December 2019.

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