Introduction. The aim of the publication is to study the mechanism of the establishment of relaxation of water-alcohol mixtures (WAM) in the main stages of creating vodka in the application of electrochemical activation (ECA) at the stage of Na-cationization process water softening. Materials and methods. 1 H NMR analysis was performed using: FT-NMR Bruker Avance II spectrometer (400 MHz); special capillary with acEtOHe-d6; high accuracy ampoules № 507-HP; dispenser; ethyl alcohol rectified (EAR); water softened by Na-cationization; WAM from EAR and softened water. Results and discussion. In this work, the equilibrium state of vodkas in the creation of WAM in the process of ECA of softened water by Nacationization is investigated. It has been established that electrochemical reactions lead to a change in the system of intermolecular interactions. Charging states of molecules in anolyte and catholyte lead to differences in the electron distribution, which affects the chemical displacements of hydroxyl protons. In relation to the softened water (δH2O=4.65 ppm), the anolyte with δH2O=(4.23; 4.22) ppm has a displacement of the hydroxyl proton in the «strong field» at Δf=170 Hz. The catholyte with δН2О=(4.56; 4.54) ppm has a displacement in the «strong field» at Δf=40 Hz. It has been proved that the WAM on anolyte (pH=2.43) and EAR has an acidic medium (pH=3.10), WAM in a catholyte (pH=11.08), and EAR has a meadow medium (pH=11.75). These polar ratios of H3O + to OHfor anolyte and catholyte lead to a restructuring of the structure in the alcohol/water system. It can be assumed that the proton exchange is accelerated, while there is one general signal of mobile protons EtOH+H2O. On the basis of the study a fundamental difference between the behavior of the WAM and the vodka prepared on softened water and water after ECA treatment was established. Found systems (alcohol/water) with a stable equilibrium, which are characterized by a high degree of generalization of protons, as well as characteristic rates of exchange for it. Conclusions. The experimental data obtained prove the dependence of the speed and nature of the establishment of the thermodynamic equilibrium due to the relaxation of the WAM. It is shown that relaxation occurs at the simultaneous stabilization of the hydroxyl group of water and ethanol protons.

In this study, we develop the author's approach, based on the principles of modeling of the International Flows Equilibrium Exchange Rate (IFEER). As a result, a new model is built, depending on the main macroeconomic factors in the medium term. The model presents a wide system of basic factors, but many of the intermediate factors in the modeling were eliminated. The results are discussed in the context of the previously known results of economic theory.

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The development of the author’s concept of the International Flows Equilibrium Exchange Rate (IFEER) is the basis for the mathematical exchange rate modeling of two interconnected equal economies. IFEER-concept allows modeling the exchange rate dynamics of relatively medium-term equilibrium and short- and long-term disequilibrium. Discrete and integral versions of the concept are the basis for further modeling. New structural models of medium-, short- and long-term dynamics and new final structural dependencies of the exchange rate on the system of fundamental factors are the main results. The models include mathematically formalized export-import and capital flows and international competitive advantages indicators. The modeling allowed the revealing of the structural pricing mechanism of the exchange rate dynamics from new positions. We verify the US dollar to the Russian ruble exchange rate modeling during periods of financial and economic crises in recent Russian history, based on a systematic analysis of the exchange rate policy. Because of the analysis, the fall in export prices of oil and other energy carriers in international markets, the rise in consumer prices within the country, and the fall in aggregate output are the main reasons for the fall of the Russian ruble. The conducted modeling allows for the evaluation of the short-term contribution to the crisis depreciation dynamics. The mathematical tools allow for the development of the decision-making process on the exchange rate regulation.

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