Prostate carcinoma is the most frequently diagnosed malignancy and the second leading cause of death as a result of cancer in men in the US and other parts of the world. There are conflicting reports on the serum levels of testosterone and 17b-estradiol (E 2 ) in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer. This study was designed to evaluate the serum concentrations of these hormones in patients with these disorders. Serum levels of prostate specific antigen (PSA), total testosterone and estradiol were determined in 228 subjects comprising of 116 subjects with BPH, 62 subjects with prostate cancer (CaP) and 50 agematched apparently healthy controls, using ELISA methods. PSA levels were significantly elevated (p \ 0.05) in BPH subjects than controls, while there was no significant difference (p [ 0.05) in testosterone and estradiol levels of these subjects. PSA and estradiol levels were significantly higher (p \ 0.05) in CaP subjects than in controls, while there was no observed significant difference (p [ 0.05) in testosterone levels. CaP subjects had significantly raised PSA, testosterone, and estradiol levels than BPH subjects. The mean molar ratio of testosterone: E 2 was lowest among CaP patients (134:1) and highest among controls (166:1). Significant positive correlation between PSA and 17b-estradiol was observed in prostate disorders (BPH and CaP patients: r = 0.347; p = 0.000). Significant negative correlations between testosterone and PSA were also observed among BPH patients (r = -0.221, p = 0.049) and control subjects (r = -0.490, p = 0.000). No significant correlation existed between testosterone and PSA in CaP patients (r = 0.051, p = 0.693). Correlations between age and estradiol in both BPH and CaP were not significant (p [ 0.05). This study has shown that, there was a significant increase in serum estradiol in CaP subjects, while the testosterone levels in both BPH and CaP subjects were not different from those of controls.
Background: Adiponectin has been associated with insulin resistance and dyslipidemia in Type 2 diabetes, though the mechanism of association is still uncertain. The adiponectin levels and lipid profile in relation to glycemic control were investigated in type 2 diabetics. Methods: Forty two diabetic subjects (35-64 years) and 33 age-matched non-diabetic subjects were recruited into this case control study. Socio-demographic characteristics, anthropometric indices and blood pressure were obtained. Total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low density lipoprotein (LDL), high density lipoprotein, (HDL), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) were estimated using colorimetric methods, atherogenic index (AI) was calculated, while serum adiponectin was determined by ELISA method. Results: Adiponectin levels of type 2 diabetics were not significantly different from the non-diabetics studied (p>0.05). Higher TG levels were observed in diabetics with poor glycemic control compared with those with good glycemic control (p<0.05). Hypertensive diabetics have higher TC and lower HDL-C levels compared with non hypertensive diabetics (p<0.05). Adiponectin correlated positively with HDL-C (r = 0.739, p = 0.01) and negatively with AI (r = -0.539, p = 0.001) only in the non diabetic group. No significant differences were observed in the adiponectin levels in relation with gender, duration of diabetes and glycemic state (p>0.05). Conclusion: Type 2 diabetics do not have lower adiponectin levels. Gender, duration of diabetes and glycemic control does not seem to exert any influence on adiponectin levels in type 2 diabetes. Adiponectin may be associated with reduced risk of atherosclerosis through its effects on HDL cholesterol metabolism. [Int J Res Med Sci 2013; 1(4.000): 563-570
BackgroundGenital Chlamydia infection (GCI) and the associated pathologies have been implicated in tubal infertility. Though the actual pathologic mechanisms are still uncertain, oxidative stress and other factors have been implicated. The purpose of the study was to determine the possible contribution of female reproductive hormones and biomarkers of oxidative stress in genital Chlamydial infection to tubal occlusion.MethodsThis prospective case control study was carried out by recruiting 150 age matched women grouped into infertile Chlamydia positive women (n = 50), fertile Chlamydia positive women (n = 50) and fertile Chlamydia negative women as controls (n = 50). High vaginal swabs and endocervical swabs were collected for screening Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Trichomonas vaginalis, Treponema pallidum, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans. Sera were collected for estimation of Chlamydia trachomatis antibody, female reproductive hormones [Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH), Luteinizing Hormone (LH), Oestradiol (E2), Progesterone (P4), Prolactin (PRL)] and biomarkers of oxidative stress [Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) and 8-hydroxyl-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG)] by enzyme immunoassay (EIA). Data were analyzed using chi square, analysis of variance and LSD Post hoc to determine mean differences at p = 0.05.ResultsAmong women with GCI, higher levels of LH and 8-OHdG were observed in infertile Chlamydia positive women compared to fertile Chlamydia positive women (p < 0.05). Higher levels of LH and 8-OHdG and lower TAC levels were observed in infertile Chlamydia positive women compared to fertile Chlamydia negative controls (p < 0.05).ConclusionMechanisms including oxidative DNA damage and reduced antioxidant capacity may be involved in the pathology of Chlamydia induced tubal damage.
Background: Prostate cancer is a global health problem affecting men in their advancing years. Both prostate and hypertension incidence increases with age. Human and animal studies have attempted to explain an association between the two disease entities. The interplay of androgen activity has been strongly suggested. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of hypertension among prostate cancer patients. Materials and methods: One hundred and nineteen (119) patients with prostate cancer were studied. Information retrieved from their case notes included biodata, clinical, laboratory, imaging and prostate biopsy results. Hypertensive men were selected based on preceding history of hypertension or absence of such history for non-hypertensives. Results: mean age of patients was 68.68±8.38 years ranging from 48 to 91 years. Non–hypertensives were slightly older than hypertensive men (Table 1). Mean Gleason score was 7.97±1.15 and mean prostate specific antigen (PSA) was 56.20±37.30 ng/ml. Most men were in their 8th decade of life (table 2i).The prevalence of hypertension was 43.7%. Most of them had prostate specific antigen in excess of 10.0ng/ml and Gleason score of 9. Hypertensive men were also associated with slightly higher Gleason score and prostate specific antigen values. Conclusion: Evaluation of hypertensive men should include a full urological assessment to diagnose those at increased risk of prostate cancer bearing in mind documented high prevalences associated with both disease conditions.
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