Although drugs are routinely administered through gavage feedings set along with enteral products, there is little scientific data available to the physician, pharmacist, nurse, and dietician concerning the physical and chemical compatibility of drugs with enteral formulations. This study assesses the compatibility of Ensure (Ross Laboratories, Columbus, OH), Ensure Plus (Ross Laboratories, Columbus, OH), Osmolite (Ross Laboratories, Columbus, OH) with antibiotics, gastrointestinal agents, antipsychotic agents, urinary antiseptics cough and cold medications, and other commonly used additives. All enteral formulations were examined immediately after mixing for phase changes, creaming, and particle growth using a contrast light and a rotation viscometer. Results are presented in a tabular format. Guidelines and recommendations concerning how the addition of troublesome drug additives can be added are also presented.
Piroxicam is one of the most potent non-steroidal, anti-inflammatory agents which also exhibits antipyretic activity.the oral administration, however, its use has been associated with a number of gastro-intestinal disorders including bleeding and ulceration. To overcome these side effects, this study was undertaken to develop diadermatic dosage form using various polymeric gel and ointment bases.containing 1% piroxicam were prepared to study the in-vitro release of the drug. Also, a series of additive ingredients, such as, alcohol USP, polyethylene glycol-400 and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) were incorporated in these formulations at various concentration levels to evaluate their effects on drug release. The general rank order for the in-vitro drug release from all the bases evaluated was: gel base > hydrophillic base > emulsion base. In general, additives had little or no effect in enhancing the drug release from these bases. The in-vitro release data were treated with various kinetic principles to assess the relevant parameters, such as, diffusion coefficient, permeability coefficient, partition coefficient, zero order and first order rate constants.formulations evaluated, the gel base containing (DMSO) gave the best in-vitro drug release both through the cellulose membrane and the hairless mouse skin.Piroxicam is well absorbed following
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Efficacy of central nervous system-acting medications is limited by its localization and ability to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB); therefore, the crux is in designing delivery systems targeted to cross the BBB. Toward this objective, this study proposed pegylated and glycosylated citalopram hydrobromide (Cit-HBr) liposomes as a delivery approach for brain targeting. The multicomponent liposomes were evaluated for drug encapsulation, vesicular size, size distribution, conductivity and drug release characteristics. Moreover, the interaction among the employed components was evaluated by Fourier transform infrared, differential scanning calorimetric and X-ray diffraction analysis. Through a systematic screening design of formulation and process variables in the optimization phase, an improvement of Cit-HBr loading, fine vesicular size with narrow size distribution, greater stability and sustained release features were achieved. The compatibility studies unveiled a significant interaction between Cit-HBr and dicetyl phosphate to control drug encapsulation and release properties. The optimization process showed a minimal range of design space to achieve the preset desirability; more precisely dicetyl phosphate, polyethylene glycol, N-acetyl glucosamine and freeze-thaw cycles of 3%, 5%, 4% and 2 cycles, respectively, were used. Using brain endothelial cell models, the optimized formulations showed an acceptable cell viability with preserved monolayer integrity and an enhanced flux and permeability. Thus, this study has proposed an optimized pegylated and glycosylated vector that is a promising step for brain targeting.
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