Cities or local governments and their roles in sport have been examined from a variety of perspectives, mostly focusing on major professional sport franchise relocation issues. Scholars have not paid much attention to either the host city or host country as units of analysis in Olympic marketing, or in Olympic city (organising committee) marketing. This paper therefore considers cities/countries as units of analysis, with a specific focus on one of the world's most prominent city-based events -the Olympic Games.

This article compares women's sport advocacy groups in Canada and the United States from an institutionalist perspective. Women's sport advocacy groups address similar issues and have similar mandates in both countries, but yet differ markedly in their evolution and strategy choices. We seek to understand the extent to which their institutional environment constrains and/or enables group strategies to enhance our understanding of which factors influence advocacy organizations in the sport policy sector. The article concludes by arguing that institutional, cultural, and economic factors as well as differences in the political opportunity structure (POS) help explain the differences in the development and strategy choices of women's sport advocacy groups in both countries.

The role of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) and zooplankton grazing on the growth of a phytoplankton community was investigated at different times in the Ben Chifley reservoir. In situ nutrient enrichment bioassays (n�= 12) indicated that phytoplankton growth was limited by P in 33% of experiments, by both N and P in 25% of experiments and no limitation was found in 42%. The hypothesis that N or P limitation occurred when ambient N : P ratios were different from the Redfield ratio was supported in 33% of bioassay experiments, suggesting that ambient N : P ratios do not always correctly indicate if N or P is limiting. Grazing rates of the reservoir zooplankton (>150�μm in size) ranged from 0.023–0.199 day–1 (mean: 0.078 day–1, n = 8). The grazing efficiency, as measured by a weight-specific clearance rate, ranged from 0.049–0.743 mL μg dry wt–1 day–1, and was positively correlated with the relative biomass of Daphnia in the community. The nutrient-stimulated growth of phytoplankton ranged from 0.085–1.031 day–1 (mean: 0.461 day–1, n = 10). The effect of nutrient enrichment exceeded that of zooplankton grazing in 62% of experiments. Further study is necessary to understand a qualitative effect of nutrients and zooplankton grazing on the phytoplankton community structure in the Ben Chifley reservoir.

A 24 h incubation study was conducted in situ in Manly Dam reservoir, Sydney, Australia. The study aimed to evaluate the relative effectiveness of grazing on phytoplankton by a resident macrozooplankton community, dominated by the cladoceran Ceriodaphnia and some copepods, in comparison with grazing by added, non-resident Daphnia carinata in the absence of the resident macrozooplankton community. Although there was some variability in the measured grazing rates among incubation bottles (volume: 1.28 L), D. carinata with a mean body size of 30.8 g dry weight were more efficient grazers than the reservoir macrozooplankton community with a mean body size of 2.5 g dry weight. The weight-specific clearance rate of D. carinata was 2-65 times higher than that of the resident reservoir community for five taxa of reservoir phytoplankton examined. In comparing the evidence from the literature on the limited ability of D. carinata to graze on cyanobacteria, a management strategy using D. carinata for the reduction of phytoplankton biomass may need to be considered separately from one designed to specifically control undesirable taxa, such as the cyanobacteria Microcystis and Anabaena.

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