Even though poverty has decreased in recent years, it is still a challenge in Ethiopia especially in rural areas the rate of decrease is slower than the counterpart. Most rural livelihoods in the study area depend on rain-fed agriculture and their exposure to poverty and its risk factors not well documented. So, to fill this gap this study examined the extent and the major determinants of poverty at different levels of expenditure quantiles in the rural household of Bahir dar zuria district, Ethiopia. This study used the FGT index and quantile regression model. The determinants of rural household poverty were total family size, total land ownership, distance to market, non-off-farm income, and bad health status of the household head. It was found that the total family size and bad health status of the household head can increase the poverty of the rural household which is lower the standard of living of rural households. While the non-off-farm income can decrease the poverty of the rural household. Thus, to reduce the poverty of the rural household; government policies and programs should give more emphasis on family planning, the necessity of health insurance, and improving the service of health institutions to bring overall household welfare development. Moreover, it promotes rural households to participate in off-farm and non-farm livelihood activities beyond agriculture to diversify their employment.

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The main objective of this study is to identify the factors that contribute to adolescent childbearing and to examine to what extent these factors influence adolescent fertility of women in rural Ethiopia. This study was based on 2510 adolescent fertility data of rural women aged 15 -19 years that was extracted from the original women data of the 2011 Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS). Descriptive analysis, chi-square test and binary logistic analysis were employed. Hence, based on the result, religion, current contraceptive method use, woman educational level, wealth index were the most contributing risk factors for adolescent childbearing of women in rural Ethiopia. The risk of having children in adolescent years was greater for not educated women than those who had secondary or higher education. In addition, the chance of having a child in adolescent years for poor households' women was higher than that of their counterparts. Hence strengthening poor households by designing different strategies can have better life and good decision maker about their adolescent childbearing.

Currently, large industries like agro-processing and garment (Textile and Leather) industries in Ethiopia have interested to implement CSR activities. Hence, this study examined the causal relationship between stakeholders' and CSR implementation in agro-processing and garment industries based on employees' perceptions. After reviewing several works of literature we developed CSR implementation measurements. For analysis of CSR implementation, a total of 891 respondents were taken from agro-processing and garment industries of the Amhara region, Ethiopia. Then we applied frequency, percentage, Confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation model for this data analysis. The empirical result showed that environment, customer, owner/shareholder, community have a significant positive effect on CSR implementation in agro-processing and garment industries. However, it was also confirmed that employees have a negative significant effect on CSR implementation. Consider identified evidence of determinant factors of CSR implementation, managers of agro-processing and garment industries should take actions to improve CSR implementation and to alleviate those problems.

Abstract:The main objective of this study is to investigate the determinant factors of fertility status of married women in Ethiopia and to examine the reasons for variations of fertility across regions of Ethiopia based on data on 7052 married women obtained from Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS, 2011). Multilevel binary logistic regression models on fertility status of married women were employed. This study revealed that the random intercept and fixed slope model fits the data significantly better than the other multilevel logistic regression models. The results confirmed that woman's education level, sex of household head, being visited by family planning worker last twelve months, child loss experience, woman's occupation, religion and age of woman at first birth were found to be significant determinants and also contributing factors for variation in fertility status of married women among the regions of Ethiopia. In random intercept model the overall variance of constant term was found to be statistically significant implies that women with the same characteristics in two different regions have different fertility status: that is, there is a clear region effect. In this study multilevel model best fit the data as compared to single level model.

Background: Waste is a byproduct of human life. Nowadays, municipal solid waste is being produced in excessive amounts and in this way, both developing and developed countries are facing challenges regarding generation of waste. Economic development, urbanization and improved living standards in cities have contributed to increase in the amount and complexity of solid waste produced. Methods: this study aims to Analysis of households' willingness to pay for improved solid waste management Services in Gondar city, Ethiopia: evidence from a double-bounded dichotomous contingent Valuation Method.Result: A total of 222 randomly selected households were interviewed to address the objective of this study. Finally, the survey result indicated that 192(87.3%) of sample households were willing to pay for improved solid waste management services. Following this, the one and double-bounded dichotomous contingent valuation result revealed that the mean willingness to pay estimated from the Double Bounded dichotomous CVM and open ended formats were 34.48 and 17.0756 ETB[1] per month per households respectively. The total WTP was obtained by adding the WTP of the total households in each stratum, and is equal to 941361ETB and 1900848 ETB for open ended and double bounded format, respectively. Additionally, the bivariate probit model result demonstrated that income and education have positive and significant effects on willingness to pay bid amounts. The results, age, marital status, Bid1 and Bid2 have a negative and significant effect on households’ amount of willingness to pay for better solid waste management services. Conclusion: When allocating service charges the city municipality considers amount of solid waste generation and income level of the households. The study results show that when educational status of the households increases and increase their willing to participate in planned improved solid waste management service. Thus, awareness creation is importance for better solid waste management. Additionally the city municipality facilitates a learning media for uneducated households to come up with at least secondary education level.