BackgroundHyperechogenicity of the substantia nigra (SN+), detected by transcranial sonography (TCS), was reported as a characteristic finding in Parkinson's disease (PD), with high diagnostic accuracy values, when compared mainly to healthy controls or essential tremor (ET) group. However, some data is accumulating that the SN + could be detected in other neurodegenerative and even in non-neurodegenerative disorders too. Our aim was to estimate the diagnostic accuracy of TCS, mainly focusing on the specificity point, when applied to a range of the parkinsonian disorders, and comparing to the degenerative cognitive syndromes.MethodsA prospective study was carried out at the Hospital of Lithuanian University of Health Sciences from January until September 2011. Initially, a TCS and clinical examination were performed on 258 patients and 76 controls. The General Electric Voluson 730 Expert ultrasound system was used. There were 12.8% of cases excluded with insufficient temporal bones, and 4.3% excluded with an unclear diagnosis. The studied sample consisted of the groups: PD (n = 71, 33.2%), ET (n = 58, 27.1%), PD and ET (n = 10, 4.7%), atypical parkinsonian syndromes (APS) (n = 3, 1.4%), hereditary neurodegenerative parkinsonism (HDP) (n = 3, 1.4%), secondary parkinsonism (SP) (n = 23, 10.8%), mild cognitive impairment (MCI) (n = 33, 15.4%), dementia (n = 13, 6.1%), and control (n = 71).ResultsThere were 80.3% of PD patients at stages 1 & 2 according to Hoehn and Yahr. At the cut-off value of 0.20 cm2 of the SN+, the sensitivity for PD was 94.3% and the specificity - 63.3% (ROC analysis, AUC 0.891), in comparison to the rest of the cohort. At the cut-off value of 0.26 cm2, the sensitivity was 90% and the specificity 82.4%.The estimations for the lowest specificity for PD, in comparison to the latter subgroups (at the cut-off values of 0.20 cm2 and 0.26 cm2, respectively) were: 0% and 33.3% to APS, 33.3% and 66.7% to HDP, 34.8% and 69.6% to SP, 55.2% and 82.8% to ET, 75% and 91.7% to dementia.ConclusionsThe high sensitivity of the test could be employed as a valuable screening tool. But TCS is more useful as a supplementary diagnostic method, due to the specificity values not being comprehensive.
BackgroundThe association of HLA DRB1 alleles with susceptibility to multiple sclerosis (MS) has been consistently reported although its effect on the clinical features and disability is still unclear probably due to diversity in ethnicity and geographic location of the studied populations. The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of HLA DRB1 alleles on the clinical features and disability of the patients with MS in Lithuania.MethodsThis was a prospective study of 120 patients with MS. HLA DRB1 alleles were genotyped using the polymerase chain reaction.ResultsThe first symptoms of MS in patients with HLA DRB1*15 allele manifested at younger age than in those without this allele (28.32 +/− 5.49 yrs vs. 30.94 +/− 8.43 yrs, respectively, p = 0.043). HLA DRB1*08 allele was more prevalent among relapsing-remitting (RR) MS patients than among patients with progressive course of MS (25.0% vs. 8.3%, respectively, chi^2 = 6.000, p = 0.05). MS patients with this allele had lower relapse rate than those without this allele (1.00 +/− 0.97 and 1.44 +/− 0.85, respectively, p = 0.043). Degree of disability during the last visit was lower among the patients with HLA DRB1*08 allele (EDSS score 3.15 +/− 1.95 vs. 4.49 +/− 1.96, p = 0.006), and higher among those with HLA DRB1*15 allele (EDSS score 4.60 +/− 2.10 vs.4.05 +/− 1.94, p = 0.047) compared to patients without these alleles but there were no significant associations between these alleles and the duration of the disease to disability. HLA DRB1*08 allele (OR = 0.18, 95% CI 0,039-0,8, p = 0.029) was demonstradet to be independent factor to take a longer time to reach an EDSS of 6, while HLA DRB1*01 allele (OR = 5.92, 95% CI 1,30-26,8, p = 0.021) was related in a shorter time to reach and EDSS of 6. Patients with HLA DRB1*08 allele had lower IgG index compared to patients without this allele (0.58 +/− 0.17 and 0.73 +/− 0.31, respectively, p = 0.04), and HLA DRB1*15 allele was more often found among MS patients with oligoclonal bands (OCBs) in cerebrospinal fluid than among those without OCBs (OR 2.3, CI 95% 1.017-5.301; p = 0.043).ConclusionsHLA DRB1*15 allele was related with an earlier manifestation of the first MS symptoms, progressive course of the disease and higher degree of disability. HLA DRB1*08 allele was more prevalent among the RR MS patients and was associated with the lower rate of relapse, degree of disability and IgG index.
Aortic dissection is a life-threatening rare condition that may virtually present by any organ system dysfunction, the nervous system included. Acute cerebral infarction among multiple other neurological and non-neurological presentations is part of this acute aortic syndrome. Rapid and correct diagnosis is of extreme importance keeping in mind the possibility of thrombolytic treatment if a patient with a suspected ischemic stroke arrives to the Emergency Department within a 4.5-h window after symptom onset. Systemic intravenous thrombolysis in the case of an acute brain infarction due to aortic dissection may lead to fatal outcomes. In this neurological emergency it is important to rule out underlying aortic dissection by choosing appropriately quick and accurate diagnostic tool. We aimed to present a prospective follow-up case, where carotid ultrasound examination was the primary key method that led to a correct diagnosis in hyperacute (<24h) Stanford type A aortic dissection presenting as an acute ischemic stroke, and thereafter with a repeated contrast-enhanced computed tomography and transthoracic echocardiography, helped to monitor topography of intravascular processes and hemodynamic properties during the clinical course of a disease, which influenced treatment decisions. Thus, we reviewed the literature mainly focusing on the various neurological aspects associated with aortic dissection.
From 2007 to 2010, 230 patients had iodine-125 seeds implanted (loose or intra-operatively linked into seed trains with variable seed-to-seed spacing). The primary aim was to evaluate differences in implant quality by comparing the intra-operative and post-implant dosimetry in patients treated with loose and intra-operatively linked seeds. The secondary aim was to evaluate the "learning curve" for the procedure. The following parameters were compared: the radiation dose to 90% of the prostate volume (D90), the radiation dose to 30% of the urethral volume (DU30), the percentage of the prostate volume receiving 100% or 200% of the prescribed dose (V100 or V200, respectively), the percentage of the rectal volume receiving 100% of the prescribed dose (VR100), and the homogeneity index (HI). We obtained the following results for loose vs. intra-operatively linked seeds: D90 (Gy), 184.7 ± 15.0 vs. 177.9 ± 12.7 (p = 0.002); V100 (%), 95.5 ± 2.4 vs. 94.9 ± 3.2 (p = 0.206); V200 (%), 35.1 ± 7.5 vs. 24.3 plusmn; 6,9 (p < 0.001); DU30 (Gy), 218.6 ± 24.1 vs. 197.4 ± 19.5 (p = 0.001); VR100 (cm³), 0.6 ± 0.47 vs. 0.3 ± 0.3 (p < 0.001); HI (%), 31.8 ± 7.3 vs. 44.0 ± 9.8 (p < 0.001). The advantages of intra-operatively linked seed implantation over loose seed implantation are a more homogeneous prostate dose and lower urethral and rectal doses. The disadvantage is a lower post-implant D90. Sufficient experience with the loose seed implantation procedure was obtained after the first 40 patients. There was essentially no learning curve when a new implantation method using intra-operatively linked seeds was subsequently initiated.
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