This study concluded that green synthesis protocol offers reliable, eco-friendly approach towards the development of antimicrobial ZnO NPs to combat antibiotic drug resistance.

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Aim: The migraine pathology is still not explained effectively. There is a common relationship between anxiety, depression, and migraine. So the aim of the study to illustrate effectively the behavioural and biomarker changes in the migraine condition. Methods: Nitroglycerin (NTG) induced migraine rats model was used the present study. Twenty-five male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups. Ergotamine, sumatriptan, and BIBN4096 were used as antimigraine drugs. The behavioural activity was measured by scratching head, body shaking, and social interaction task. ELISA detected biomarkers like interleukin 6 (IL-6),                  Substance P (SP) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in various rats brain regions such as cortex, brain stem, trigeminal ganglion. Results: A significant reduction in hyperalgesic response and behavioral changes like scratching head, body shaking and social interaction task. Biomarkers like 5-HT, SP and IL-6 were significantly reduced in the various brain regions such as prefrontal cortex, brain stem and trigeminal ganglia of the rats in the BIBN4096 treated groups. Conclusion: The present study showed a good antimigraine efficacy with a calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) antagonistic agent BIBN4096 than ergotamine and sumatriptan but still lack of behavioural pattern, need to explore nonpharmacological intervention along with the drug treatment.

Background:The pathogenesis of migraine pain has not yet been adequately explained. The incidence of cognitive dysfunction and psychological symptoms, as well as their reciprocal relationships in migraine patients, is still under consideration. The study aims to characterise the neurobehavioral and molecular changes that occur during a migraine condition. Methods: For the present study, nitro-glycerine (NTG)induced rats were treated with antimigraine drugs such as ergotamine, sumatriptan, as well as BIBN4096. The pain was measured by the hot plate method, and the motor activity was assessed using actophotometer. The neurobehavioural activities were tested by using open field, elevated plusmaze and forced swim test. Vasoactive substances such as NO and CGRP were detected in the plasma and CGRP was detected in the isolated parts of the rat's brain. Analysis of the proinflammatory marker such as TNF-α was carried out in the serum. Histopathological changes of the animal brain were identified using Cresyl violet (Nissl body) staining. Results: A significant analgesic activity was observed with BIBN4096 (p<0.01). Significant (p<0.05) regaining of motor and neurobehavioural changes was observed in the NTG-induced migraneous animal after treatment with BIBN4096 as compared to the NTG-treated animal. But there was a non-significant difference observed in the forced swim test. Vasoactive and inflammatory markers such as NO, CGRP and TNF-α were significantly reduced on treatment with BIBN4096 (p<0.05) when compared to the model group. On Cresyl violet staining, less damage of neurons was observed with BIBN4096 treatment and a near-normal morphology of the rat's cerebral cortex was observed. Conclusion: Thus, the present study exhibited a remarkable antimigraine effect with a CGRP antagonistic agent, BIBN4096 than the other tested drugs such as ergotamine and sumatriptan.