Objective: To determine the frequency of depression and anxiety in acne and melasma patients presented at dermatology OPD of a tertiary care Hospital. Material and methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at the dermatology OPD of Sir Syed Hospital Qayoomabad. Patients with acne or melasma, aged 18 years or above, both gender, patients who have not received treatment for depression or anxiety in the last 3 months and Patients who are willing to complete the study questionnaire honestly and to the best of their ability were included. Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale (HADS) was used to assess the anxiety and depression in study subjects All the data was recorded in self-made proforma and analysis was done by using SPSS version 26. Results: A total of 93 individuals were studied, regarding anxiety and depression due to acne and melasma. Mean age of the participants was 31.32+10.45 years. Females were 64.5% and males were 35.5%. 32.3% of the cases had Melasma and remaining 67.7% had acne. 32.3% cases had mild anxiety, 32.3% had moderate anxiety and 6.5% had severe anxiety. According to the depression, 32.3% cases had mild depression, 19.4% had moderate depression and 19.4% cases had severe depression, while 29.0% cases had no depression. Severity of depression and anxiety were statistically insignificant according to gender, marital status, duration of disease and types of skin disorder (p->0.05). Conclusion: It has been observed that individuals with acne and melasma have a higher likelihood of experiencing symptoms of anxiety and depression. The negative impact of these dermatological conditions on an individual's self-esteem and overall well-being can be significant, leading to emotional distress and psychological difficulties. Keywords: Anxiety, Depression, Melasma, Acne
Objectives: To assess the pattern of sleep and the correlation with socio demographic parameters in patients with depressive disorder. Study Design: Descriptive cross sectional study. Study Setting and Duration: A psychiatric consultation clinic in Karachi from January 2015 till December 2019. Methodology: Patients between ages of 18 and 60 years, irrespective of gender were included in the study. Patients with florid psychotic symptoms, dementia and chronic debilitating medical illness such as chronic renal or liver failure were excluded. Pattern of sleep was categorized as patients with normal sleep (sound sleep of 7-9 hours), insomnia and hypersomnia. Diagnosis of Insomnia and hypersomnia was made according to ICD – criteria. Results: The mean age of patients was 30.89 (10.256) years. Age was significantly associated with the pattern of sleep among depressed patients. Younger patients between the ages of 18-35 years more frequently suffered from insomnia while the older patients (35-65 years) were more frequently experiencing hypersomnia (p=0.01). The majority of the patients who were either separated or divorced experienced hypersomnia, 15 (71.4%) however, the difference was not statistically significant (p=0.582). The most common psychiatric comorbidity among patients was obsession compulsion disorder (OCD) with a frequency of 225 (39.4%) followed by anxiety disorders; 100 (17.5%). Conclusion: Our study indicates that sleep patterns are significantly challenged in depression patients. The younger population was more prone towards insomnia while the older patients more frequently had hypersomnia. Further large scale studies are needed to explore the risk factors associated with the sleep disturbance and the role normal sleep patterns play in recovery of depressed patients. Keywords: Psychiatry, Depression, Insomnia, Hypersomnia, Dementia
Depressive disorder is a common mental disorder and one of the leading causes of disability around the globe. It is characterized by depressed mood, lack of enjoyment, decreased activity, negative thoughts and reduced concentration for at least two weeks. Globally 350 million people are suffering from depression and 18.34 million people from Southeast Asia alone. Major depressive disorder is growing in overall disease burden around the world. It is predicted to be the leading cause of disease burden by 2030, and it is already the leading cause in women worldwide. Depression affects the prefrontal cortex, cingulate gyrus, amygdala, hippocampus, thalamus and hypothalamus. These brain regions are involved in the regulation of motivation, eating, sleeping, energy level, circadian rhythm, and responses to rewarding and aversive stimuli, which are all abnormal in depressed people.
Objectives: To determine the association of somatic symptoms with Depressive disorder. Study Design: Descriptive cross sectional study. Study Setting and Duration: At department of medicine and allied OPD at Pir Syed Abdul Qadir Shah Jeelani Institute of Medical sciences, GAMBAT, Sindh, Pakistan, from 10th August 2019 to 31st January 2020. Methodology: The sample size of the study was 140. All the patients of both gender between ages of 18 to 60 years, having depressive disorder as per ICD-10 (International classification of diseases version-10) criteria as mild, moderate and severe were enrolled. Somatic symptoms were assessed through somatic symptoms scale-8. The collected data was analyzed by Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22.0. Results: Among 140 clients 131 (93.60%) were females with age range of 22 to 44 years. Among all majority were married, illiterate and were household by occupation. Amongst all mostly were having severe depressive disorder 62.9% followed by 34.3% moderate depression and 2.9% mild depression. The somatic symptoms as per somatic symptoms scale-8 were assessed in relation to depressive disorder and it was found that all the somatic symptoms were strongly associated with depressive disorder having p value less than 0.05. Conclusion: From this study it is to be concluded that somatic symptoms are strongly associated with depression, consequently putting an adverse impact on over all outcome of disorder. Keywords: Association, Depression, Somatic
Objective: To assess the frequency of Anxiety and Depression among patients of Pulmonary Tuberculosis. Study Design: Cross Sectional study. Setting: Tuberculosis Bacilli (TB) Hospital attached with Pir Syed Abdul Qadir Shah Jeelani Institute of Medical Sciences, GAMBAT, Kairpur Mirs, Sindh, Pakistan. Period: 1st August 2019 t0 30th November 2019. Material & Methods: Patients of both gender between ages of 18 to 60 years, having diagnosis of Pulmonary Tuberculosis were enrolled. Anxiety and Depression were assessed through Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). The collected data was analyzed by Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22.0. Results: Majority 67(59.8%) were females, married 71 (63.4%), Sindhi speaking 108 (96.40%) educated till primary 81 (72.30%) and household by occupation 47 (42.00%). Frequency of Depression and Anxiety was 62 (55.4%) and 59 (52.7%) respectively. Statistically Anxiety and Depression were significantly associated with Pulmonary Tuberculosis regarding its diagnosis as first time, relapsed case or resistant case having p value of less than 0.05. Conclusion: It is concluded that Anxiety and Depression are highly prevalent among patients of Pulmonary Tuberculosis.
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