Background: Reducing the need for antibiotics is crucial in addressing the global threat of antimicrobial resistance. Catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI) is one of the most frequent device-related infections that may be amenable to prevention. Interventions implemented nationally in England target behaviours related to catheter insertion, maintenance and removal, but the extent to which they target barriers to and facilitators of these behaviours is unclear. This strategic behavioural analysis applied behavioural science frameworks to (i) identify barriers to and facilitators of behaviours that lead to CAUTI (CAUTI-related behaviours) in primary, community and secondary care and nursing homes; (ii) describe the content of nationally adopted interventions; and (iii) assess the extent to which intervention content is theoretically congruent with barriers and facilitators. Methods: A mixed-methods, three-phased study: (1) systematic review of 25 studies to identify (i) behaviours relevant to CAUTI and (ii) barriers to and facilitators of CAUTI-related behaviours, classified using the COMB model and Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF); (2) content analysis of nationally adopted CAUTI interventions in England identified through stakeholder consultation, classified using the Behaviour Change Wheel (BCW) and Behaviour Change Techniques Taxonomy (BCTTv1); and (3) findings from 1 and 2 were linked using matrices linking COMB and TDF to BCW/BCTTv1 in order to signpost to intervention design and refinement. Results: The most frequently reported barriers to and facilitators of CAUTI-related behaviours related to 'environmental context and resources'; 'knowledge'; 'beliefs about consequences'; 'social influences'; 'memory, attention and decision processes'; and 'social professional role and identity.' Eleven interventions aiming to reduce CAUTI were identifed. Interventions were primarily guidelines and included on average 2.3 intervention functions (1-5) and six BCTs (2-11), most frequently 'education', 'training' and 'enablement.' The most frequently used BCT was 'information about health consequences' which was used in almost all interventions. Social professional role and identity and environmental context and resources were

Summary Improving evidence for action is crucial to tackle antimicrobial resistance. The number of interventions for antimicrobial resistance is increasing but current research has major limitations in terms of efforts, methods, scope, quality, and reporting. Moving the agenda forwards requires an improved understanding of the diversity of interventions, their feasibility and cost–benefit, the implementation factors that shape and underpin their effectiveness, and the ways in which individual interventions might interact synergistically or antagonistically to influence actions against antimicrobial resistance in different contexts. Within the efforts to strengthen the global governance of antimicrobial resistance, we advocate for the creation of an international One Health platform for online learning. The platform will synthesise the evidence for actions on antimicrobial resistance into a fully accessible database; generate new scientific insights into the design, implementation, evaluation, and reporting of the broad range of interventions relevant to addressing antimicrobial resistance; and ultimately contribute to the goal of building societal resilience to this central challenge of the 21st century.

The current study suggests self-efficacy enhancement should be a key component of psycho-behavioral programs designed to support patients with cancer throughout chemotherapy.

1Theories of behaviour change and health behaviour change interventions are most often 2 evaluated in between-person designs. However, behaviour change theories apply to 3 individuals not groups and behavioural interventions ultimately aim to achieve within-person 4 rather than between-group change. Within-person methodology, such as N-of-1 (also known 5 as single case design), can circumvent this issue, though has multiple design-specific 6 challenges. This paper provides a conceptual review of the challenges and potential solutions 7 for undertaking N-of-1 studies in health psychology. Key challenges identified include 8 participant adherence to within-person protocols, carry-over and slow onset effects, 9 suitability of behaviour change techniques for evaluation in N-of-1 experimental studies, 10 optimal allocation sequencing and blinding, calculating power/sample size, and choosing the 11 most suitable analysis approach. Key solutions include involving users in study design, 12 employing recent technologies for unobtrusive data collection and problem solving by 13 design. Within-person designs share common methodological requirements with 14 conventional between-person designs but require specific methodological considerations. N-15 of-1 evaluation designs are appropriate for many though not all types of interventions. A 16 greater understanding of patterns of behaviours and factors influencing behaviour change at 17 the within-person level is required to progress health psychology into a precision science. 18 19 See Supplementary Material 1 for video abstract. 20 21 Keywords: N-of-1, single case study, within-person design, idiographic design 22In health psychology, there is currently no established tradition of N-of-1 studies 19 (Davidson et al., 2014;McDonald et al., 2017), meaning the design has been underused and 20 is often misunderstood in the field. While this idiographic design offers many advantages 21 over more traditional nomothetic approaches, it comes with its own challenges, some of 22 which are particularly pertinent to health psychology investigations. The purpose of this 23 paper is to review the key challenges for undertaking health psychology related N-of-1 24 research and provide potential solutions for resolving or minimising these and, in doing so,

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The findings highlight the contribution of cognitive factors, such as evaluations and expectations, to patients' attendance intentions. This knowledge could help find ways to improve treatment expectations to foster better dental service utilization.

CPE prevention and control requires robust IPC measures. Successful implementation can be hindered by a complex set of factors related to their practical execution, insufficient resources and a lack of confidence in the effectiveness of the guidance. Future CPE guidance would benefit from substantive user involvement, processes for ongoing feedback, and regular guidance updates.

Nursing, midwifery and allied healthcare professionals should develop their theoretical frameworks for MMIs to ensure they are evidence-based and fit-for-purpose. We suggest a re-evaluation of domain priorities to ensure that students who are selected, not only have the capacity to offer the highest standards of care provision, but are able to maintain these standards when facing clinical practice and organisational pressures.