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Background Primary care interventions addressing child traumatic stress exist but their range and effectiveness is unclear. Objectives To systematically assess the evidence base for prevention and treatment of child traumatic stress in primary care settings. Data Sources PubMed, Embase, PsycINFO, Scopus, Academic Search Complete, CINAHL, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, the National Registry of Evidence-based Programs and Practices, the National Child Traumatic Stress Network website, Google search. Study Eligibility Criteria, Participants, and Interventions Studies were eligible for inclusion if they described the results of intervention studies in a primary care setting addressing child traumatic stress. Study participants could include primary care providers, pediatric patients, and their parents or other caregivers. Study Appraisal and Synthesis Methods Each study was assessed for inclusion and each included study was assessed for risk of bias by two reviewers. Results We found 12 articles describing 10 different studies that met the inclusion criteria. The intervention approaches taken in the studies were diverse and included the implementation of screening programs/tools, training clinicians to recognize and discuss psychosocial issues with patients and their families, and providing primary care professionals with community resource lists. Nine out of 10 studies included in the review reported favorable results. Limitations Studies included in the review had relatively short follow-up periods and the diversity of studies identified precluded the possibility of conducting a meta-analysis. Conclusions and Implications of Key Findings Findings suggest that interventions in pediatric primary care settings are feasible and can favorably impact clinical practices and families’ outcomes.

Mental health literacy appears to be an important target for prevention and intervention efforts. However, limitations exist in this literature base, including the lack of a validated measure to assess this construct. The Adolescent Depression Knowledge Questionnaire (ADKQ) was created to assess knowledge of depression and attitudes about seeking help (i.e., depression literacy) for mental health issues before and after introduction of a universal, school-based intervention, the Adolescent Depression Awareness Program (ADAP). The ADKQ measured depression knowledge and attitudes in 8,216 high school students immediately before ADAP was implemented and 6 weeks after. The latent structure of the Knowledge section was examined with attention to measurement invariance between males and females and type of instructor, as well as pre- to post-test. Categories were developed for the open-ended questions of the Attitudes section. A one-factor (General Knowledge) latent structure was the best fit to the data. The latent structure of the ADKQ did not differ by student’s gender or type of instructor, nor did it differ based on pre- or post-test. Categories for the Attitudes portion of the ADKQ were developed. Psychometric evidence supports the ADKQ as a measure to evaluate adolescent depression literacy pre- to post-test and within several groups of interest (e.g., gender, facilitator). Categories for the Attitudes section of the ADKQ will allow for easier evaluation of this measure with quantitative data.