Pigs are highly affected by dietary mycotoxin contamination and particularly by fumonisin. The effects of fumonisin on pig intestinal health are well documented, but little is known regarding its impact on gut microbiota. We investigate the effects of the fumonisin (FB1, 12 mg/kg feed) on the fecal microbiota of piglets (n = 6) after 0, 8, 15, 22, and 29 days of exposure. A control group of six piglets received a diet free of FB1. Bacterial community diversity, structure and taxonomic composition were carried out by V3–V4 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Exposure to FB1 decreases the diversity index, and shifts and constrains the structure and the composition of the bacterial community. This takes place as early as after 15 days of exposure and is at a maximum after 22 days of exposure. Compared to control, FB1 alters the ecological succession of fecal microbiota species toward higher levels of Lactobacillus and lower levels of the Lachnospiraceae and Veillonellaceae families, and particularly OTUs (Operational Taxonomic Units) of the genera Mitsuokella, Faecalibacterium and Roseburia. In conclusion, FB1 shifts and constrains age-related evolution of microbiota. The direct or indirect contribution of FB1 microbiota alteration in the global host response to FB1 toxicity remains to be investigated.
Low-level contamination of food and feed by mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) is unavoidable. We investigated the effects of subclinical challenge with DON, and dietary supplementation with probiotic yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae boulardii I1079 as preventive strategy. Thirty-six piglets were randomly assigned to four different diets: control diet, diet contaminated with DON (3 mg/kg), diet supplemented with yeast (4x10 9 CFU/kg), or DON-contaminated diet supplemented with yeast, for four weeks. Plasma samples were collected for biochemistry, and tissue samples for histology. 1 H-NMR untargeted metabolomics of plasma and liver were also explored. DON induced no significant modification of biochemistry parameters. However, higher lesional scores were observed and metabolomics highlighted alteration of the metabolism of amino acids and 2-oxocarboxylic acids. Administration of yeast impacted aminoacyl-tRNA synthesis and metabolism of amino acids and glycerophospholipids. Yeast supplementation to DON-exposed piglets prevented histological alterations, while partial least square discriminant analysis underlined similarity of their plasma metabolic profile to control group. In contrast to plasma, the effect on liver metabolome remained marginal, indicating that the toxicity of the mycotoxin was not abolished. These data indicate that 1 H-NMR metabolomics profile is a good biomarker for subclinical exposure to DON, and supplementation with S. cerevisiae boulardii increases piglet resilience to this mycotoxin.
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