BackgroundFew longitudinal studies have explored lifetime criminality in adults with a childhood history of severe mental disorders. In the present study, we wanted to explore the association between adult delinquency and several different childhood diagnoses in an in-patient population. Of special interest was the impact of disturbance of activity and attention (ADHD) and mixed disorder of conduct and emotions on later delinquency, as these disorders have been variously associated with delinquent development.MethodsFormer Norwegian child psychiatric in-patients (n = 541) were followed up 19-41 years after hospitalization by record linkage to the National Register of Criminality. On the basis of the hospital records, the patients were re-diagnosed according to ICD-10. The association between diagnoses and other baseline factors and later delinquency were investigated using univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses.ResultsAt follow-up, 24% of the participants had been convicted of criminal activity.In the multivariate Cox regression analysis, conduct disorder (RR = 2.0, 95%CI = 1.2-3.4) and hyperkinetic conduct disorder (RR = 2.7, 95% CI = 1.6-4.4) significantly increased the risk of future criminal behaviour. Pervasive developmental disorder (RR = 0.4, 95%CI = 0.2-0.9) and mental retardation (RR = 0.4, 95%CI = 0.3-0.8) reduced the risk for a criminal act. Male gender (RR = 3.6, 95%CI = 2.1-6.1) and chronic family difficulties (RR = 1.3, 95% CI = 1.1-1.5) both predicted future criminality.ConclusionsConduct disorder in childhood was highly associated with later delinquency both alone or in combination with hyperactivity, but less associated when combined with an emotional disorder. ADHD in childhood was no more associated with later delinquency than the rest of the disorders in the study population. Our finding strengthens the assumption that there is no direct association between ADHD and criminality.
The results of the present study indicate that the physical form of retinol supplements is a major determinant of toxicity. The use of water-miscible, emulsified, and solid preparations of retinol should therefore be carefully considered before being used in supplements and fortifications.
There are important differences in co-occurring patterns of ODD and CD in preschool children with ADHD.
Early-onset psychosis disorders are serious mental disorders arising before the age of 18 years. Here, we investigate the largest neuroimaging dataset, to date, of patients with early-onset psychosis and healthy controls for differences in intracranial and subcortical brain volumes. The sample included 263 patients with early-onset psycho-
We followed 74 children with autistic disorder (AD) and 39 children with pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (PDD NOS) for 17–38 years in a record linkage study. Rates of disability pension award, marital status, criminality and mortality were compared between groups. Disability pension award was the only outcome measure that differed significantly between the AD and PDD NOS groups (89% vs. 72%, p < 0.05). The lower rate of disability pension award in the PDD NOS group was predicted by better psychosocial functioning. The lack of substantial differences in prognosis between the groups supports a dimensional description of autism spectrum disorder, in line with proposed DSM-V revision.
Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is associated with heterogeneity of the onset and severity of coronary heart disease (CHD). In this study, we investigated different low-grade proinflammatory markers and the atheroprotective function of the HDL 3 subfraction in FH-patients (n ¼ 13) with identical LDL-receptor mutations and in age-and sex-matched healthy controls (n ¼ 11). Compared with healthy controls, FH-patients had greater gene expressions of the proatherogenic mediators TNF-a and IL-8 in circulating peripheral blood mononuclear cells. In addition, they had a higher serum concentration of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and a lower net antioxidant capacity. FH-derived HDL 3 with a high level of triglycerides had a reduced capacity to inhibit the release of IL-8 from TNF-a-stimulated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) [1.864 mg/L (1.461-2.208 mg/L) vs. 1.466 mg/L (1.225-1.643 mg/L); P , 0.05; median (range)], and a reduced capacity to promote cholesterol efflux from lipid-loaded macrophages [12% (12-14%) vs. 15% (14-18%); P , 0.05; median (range)] compared with HDL 3 with a lower triglyceride content. Notably, the degree of inhibition of IL-8 release from HUVEC by HDL 3 was correlated with the ability of HDL 3 to promote cholesterol efflux (r ¼ ÿ0.80, P ¼ 0.03). In conclusion, compared with healthy controls, FH-patients are characterized by higher levels of low-grade proinflammatory markers, and FHderived HDL 3 with high triglyceride content may be more proatherogenic. These triglyceride rich-HDL 3 might be partly responsible for the phenotypic variation among FH-patients with identical LDL-receptor mutations. J. Nutr. 136: 877-881, 2006. KEY WORDS: familial hypercholesterolemia; high density lipoprotein coronary heart disease cytokines cholesterol effluxFamilial hypercholesterolemia (FH) 3 is caused by a mutation in the gene coding for the LDL-receptor (1). Heterozygote FHpatients are characterized by elevated concentration of serum cholesterol (7-15 mmol/L), premature atherosclerosis, and coronary heart disease (CHD) (2).HDL cholesterol is inversely correlated with CHD (3,4); the major underlying protective mechanism is suggested to be reverse cholesterol transport. Other protective mechanisms of HDL unrelated to the plasma lipid transport, such as antiinflammatory properties, are also considered to play an important role in preventing CHD (5,6), and it was suggested that the antiatherogenic function of HDL is a better marker than HDL cholesterol concentration (7) to distinguish between patients and healthy individuals. HDL can be differentiated into 2 major subfractions, HDL 2 and HDL 3 , which each have antiatherogenic properties. HDL 3 is considered to be the major fraction, representing up to 90% of the total HDL (8). It has a greater capacity to accept cholesterol and has greater antiinflammatory and antioxidant capacities than HDL 2 (9,10). Furthermore, experimental and clinical studies demonstrated that both hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia promote e...
Anxiety disorders and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) develop before school age, but little is known about early developmental pathways. Here we test two hypotheses: first, that early signs of anxiety and ADHD at 18 months predict symptoms of anxiety and ADHD at age 3½ years; second, that emotional dysregulation at 18 months predicts the outcome of co-occurring anxiety and ADHD at age 3½ years. The study was part of the prospective Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study (MoBa) at the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. The 628 participants were clinically assessed at 3½ years. Questionnaire data collected at 18 months were categorized into early behavioural scales of anxiety, ADHD, and emotional dysregulation. We investigated continuity in features of anxiety and ADHD from 18 months to 3½ years of age through logistic regression analyses. Anxiety symptoms at 3½ years were predicted by early signs of anxiety (Odds ratio (OR) = 1.41, CI = 1.15–1.73) and emotional dysregulation (OR = 1.33, CI = 1.15–1.54). ADHD symptoms at 3½ years were predicted by early signs of ADHD (OR = 1.51, CI = 1.30–1.76) and emotional dysregulation (OR = 1.31, CI = 1.13–1.51). Co-occurring anxiety and ADHD symptoms at 3½ years were predicted by early signs of anxiety (OR = 1.43, CI = 1.13–1.84), ADHD (OR = 1.30, CI = 1.11–1.54), and emotional dysregulation (OR = 1.34, CI = 1.13–1.58). We conclude that there were modest continuities in features of anxiety and ADHD through early preschool years, while emotional dysregulation at age 18 months was associated with symptoms of anxiety, ADHD, and co-occurring anxiety and ADHD at age 3½ years.
Depression has been linked to an imbalance in cortisol. Until recently, cortisol has been studied by measuring concentrations at single time points in blood or saliva samples. Cortisol concentrations vary with circadian rhythm and experiences, from time point to time point. The measurement of hair cortisol concentration (HCC) is a new method of accessing mean, long-term cortisol concentrations. Recent studies show positive associations between depression and HCC, and prenatal maternal cortisol is thought to influence the developing fetus. We therefore examined the association between HCC and self-reported symptoms of depression in second trimester pregnant women. Participants were 181 women, recruited between September 2011 and October 2013 to the Little-in-Norway (LiN)-study. These women answered the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Rating Scale (EPDS) on self-reported symptoms of depression, and one cm maternal scalp hair was collected and analyzed for cortisol concentrations. Multiple regression analyses did not show depressive symptoms as a predictor for HCC in our selection of pregnant women, while gestational age was significantly related. In conclusion, our study indicated that symptoms of depression during pregnancy did not predict HCC, but further studies of clinically depressed, pregnant women using gestational age as an adjustment variable are warranted.
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