No abstract

Child, family, and contextual correlates of ethnic‐racial socialization among U.S. families of 293 kindergarten‐age Black–White biracial children were investigated in this study. Children with one White‐identified and one Black‐identified biological parent who were enrolled in the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study‐Kindergarten Cohort participated in this study. Parents' racial identification of children, parent age, family socioeconomic status, urbanicity, and region of country predicted the likelihood of frequent ethnic‐racial socialization. Relative to their biracially and Black‐identified peers, White‐identified biracial children were less likely to have frequent discussions about ethnic‐racial heritage. Findings suggest that ethnic‐racial socialization is a prevalent parenting practice in families of young biracial children and that its frequency varies depending on child, family, and situational factors. Implications for practice are discussed.

A racial microaggression framework was relevant but not sufficient in reflecting the complex nature of racial identification inquiries for multiracial individuals. The insights into multiracial individuals' perceptions of these stimuli encourage more critical and dynamic thinking about racial categorization systems and interpersonal racial processes for this underrepresented but growing population.

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Our analyses indicate that in a multivariate context there is no relationship between the wantedness of a pregnancy and the subsequent attachment security of the child for this sample of low-income Black primiparous mothers. This finding is related to some conceptual and measurement issues of pregnancy wantedness, the irrelevance of some aspects of wantedness to parent-child interaction, and the powerful effect of maternal motivations on child attachment security.