“What are you?” Multiracial individuals’ responses to racial identification inquiries.

Tran, Alisia G. T. T.; Miyake, Elisa R.; Martinez-Morales, Vanessa; Csizmadia, Annamaria

doi:10.1037/cdp0000031

Cited by 41 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…In one study, more than 30% of bicultural Asian Americans reported being misperceived as foreign and/or a nonnative English speaker (Cheryan & Monin, 2005). Similarly, other studies showed 87% to 93% of biracial participants reporting experiences of identity denial or questioning (Townsend et al, 2009;Tran et al, 2016).…”

Section: Commonalities In Bicultural and Biracial Identity Challengesmentioning

confidence: 91%

Identity Denied: Comparing American or White Identity Denial and Psychological Health Outcomes Among Bicultural and Biracial People

Albuja

Sanchez

Gaither

2018

Pers Soc Psychol Bull

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Because bicultural and biracial people have two identities within one social domain (culture or race), their identification is often challenged by others. Although it is established that identity denial is associated with poor psychological health, the processes through which this occurs are less understood. Across two high-powered studies, we tested identity autonomy, the perceived compatibility of identities, and social belonging as mediators of the relationship between identity denial and well-being among bicultural and biracial individuals. Bicultural and biracial participants who experienced challenges to their American or White identities felt less freedom in choosing an identity and perceived their identities as less compatible, which was ultimately associated with greater reports of depressive symptoms and stress. Study 2 replicated these results and measured social belonging, which also accounted for significant variance in well-being. The results suggest the processes were similar across populations, highlighting important implications for the generalizability to other dual-identity populations.

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Section: Commonalities In Bicultural and Biracial Identity Challengesmentioning

confidence: 91%

Identity Denied: Comparing American or White Identity Denial and Psychological Health Outcomes Among Bicultural and Biracial People

Albuja

Sanchez

Gaither

2018

Pers Soc Psychol Bull

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“…While Nadal et al (2011) found that multiracial individuals reported experiencing microaggressions just as frequently as monoracial POC, they measured microaggressions using a scale developed for monoracial POC. Past work suggests that multiracial individuals may experience racial identity questioning and identity denial that a monoracial individual might not experience (Albuja, Sanchez, & Gaither, 2018;Johnston, & Nadal, 2010;Nadal et al, 2011;Shih & Sanchez, 2000;Tran, Miyake, Martinez-Morales, & Csizmadia, 2016).…”

Section: Experiences With Microaggressionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experiences with microaggressions and discrimination in racially diverse and homogeneously white contexts.

Meyers¹,

Aumer²,

Schoniwitz³

et al. 2020

Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology

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The interaction between one's context and identity may be essential in understanding people's racial experiences. Objectives: In this study we examined two contexts (racially diverse vs. homogenously White) and measured the experiences of discrimination and microaggressions for monoracial People of Color (POC), multiracial, and White individuals. Additionally, we measured experience of microaggressions with a new scale that addressed multiracial specific microaggressions, and offensiveness of these microaggressions. Methods and Results: Through a self-reported survey, monoracial POC, multiracial, and White individuals across the U.S. reported their experiences with discrimination and microaggressions, and offensiveness of multiracial specific microaggressions. Overall, monoracial POC and multiracial individuals reported experiencing less discrimination and microaggressions in diverse contexts vs. homogenous contexts. White individuals reported the lowest amounts of discrimination and microaggressions, which did not differ across contexts. Conclusions: Living in a racially diverse context may have positive benefits for racial minorities, and White individuals do not necessarily experience greater instances of discrimination or microaggressions in diverse contexts.

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“…While certainly not all multiracial individuals are racially ambiguous, many do share the common experience of being hard to categorize and are frequently asked "What are you?" (Tran, Miyake, Martinez-Morales, & Csizmadia, 2016). It may be precisely this ambiguity and difficulty in the categorization process that allows for malleability in social perception (i.e., different racial categorizations of the same target across varying situations and time).…”

Section: Perceiving Multiracial Targets: Malleability In Social Permentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of multiracial malleability: Identity, categorization, and shifting racial attitudes

Pauker

Meyers

Sanchez

et al. 2018

Social & Personality Psych

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“What are you?” Multiracial individuals’ responses to racial identification inquiries.

Cited by 41 publications

References 54 publications

Identity Denied: Comparing American or White Identity Denial and Psychological Health Outcomes Among Bicultural and Biracial People

Identity Denied: Comparing American or White Identity Denial and Psychological Health Outcomes Among Bicultural and Biracial People

Experiences with microaggressions and discrimination in racially diverse and homogeneously white contexts.

A review of multiracial malleability: Identity, categorization, and shifting racial attitudes

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