Objectives: This is a review article that deals with the question of whether type 2 diabetes is a risk factor for the development of Alzheimer's disease.Methods: We searched the PubMed database and relevant publications were selected for review. The introduction, which describes the possibilities of how type 2 diabetes can affect the development of Alzheimer's disease, is followed by other questions related to this issue: May on the contrary Alzheimer's disease induce type 2 diabetes? What is a relative risk for type 2 diabetes to induce dementia? How type 2 diabetes influence conversion of mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer's disease? What is the role of antidiabetic medication? Proposition of term "type 3 diabetes" for Alzheimer's disease.Results: Type 2 diabetes mellitus has been shown to increase the risk for cognitive decline and dementia, such as Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. Despite extensive research and numerous publications, the mechanisms underlying these associations remain unclear.Conclusions: Because of similar molecular and cellular features among type 1 and type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance associated with memory deficit and cognitive decline, some researches proposed the term "type 3 diabetes" for Alzheimer's disease.
Introduction: Dementia becomes a major public health challenge in both the Czech Republic and worldwide. The most common form of dementia is Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Objective: We conducted two successive epidemiological projects in 2012–2015 and 2016–2019. Their aim was to study the effect of selected potential genetic, vascular and psychosocial risk factors on the development of AD by comparing their frequencies in AD patients and controls. Methods: Epidemiological case-control studies were conducted. In total, data from 2106 participants (1096 cases, 1010 controls) were analyzed. Results: Three times more females than males suffered from AD. The highest proportion of cases were those with primary education, unlike controls. There were statistically significantly more manual workers among cases than among controls. Of selected vascular risk factors, coronary heart disease was found to be statistically significantly more frequent in cases than in controls. The onset of hypertension and diabetes mellitus was earlier in controls than in cases. As for hobbies and interests, there were statistically significant differences in physical activity, reading and solving crosswords between the groups, with these activities being more common in controls. Conclusion: The prevalence of chronic neurodegenerative diseases, in particular AD, is currently increasing. Given the aging of the population, these conditions may be expected to rise in prevalence. Potential risk of AD needs to be studied, analyzed and confirmed; a detailed knowledge of the risks of AD and early detection of the pathology may therefore be very beneficial for prevention and early treatment of this condition.
Účel studie: Nová orální antikoagulancia jsou v oblasti antikoagulační léčby velkým krokem kupředu. Mají velké množství výhod, ať už se jedná o jejich bezpečnostní profil, či odpadnutí nutnosti monitorace. Pro optimalizaci léčby je ale třeba provádět další epidemiologický výzkum v této oblasti. Použité metody: Do studie nových perorálních antikoagulancií byla použita data od pacientů ze sítě kardiologických ambulancí. Výběrovým kritériem bylo užívání dabigatranu, rivaroxabanu a apixabanu. Výsledky: Ve studii byla analyzována data od 334 pacientů. V souboru převažovali mírně muži (55,4 %). Nejčastější počáteční diagnóza pro preskripci nových perorálních antikoagulancií byla v 68 % fibrilace síní. 94 % pacientů užívalo tyto preparáty dlouhodobě. Nejméně nežádoucích účinků měl apixaban (8 pacientů), po něm následoval rivaroxaban a nejvíce nežádoucích účinků měl dabigatran. Závěry: Na základě epidemiologických studií lze charakterizovat skupinu pacientů užívajících nová orální antikoagulancia a tak i efektivně optimalizovat léčbu každého pacienta. Klíčová slova: dabigatran, rivaroxaban, apixaban, nová perorální antikoagulancia, epidemiologický výzkum. Epidemiological study of new oral anticoagulants Purpose: New oral anticoagulants are a big step forward in the area of anticoagulation therapy. They have a large number of benefits, whether it is their security profile or the need for monitoring. However, in order to optimize treatment, epidemiological research should be carried out in this area. Methods: New data from patients from a network of cardiac outpatients were used in the study of new oral anticoagulants. The selection criteria were dabigatran, rivaroxaban and apixaban. Results: Data from 334 patients were analyzed in the study. The male population predominated slightly (55.4%). The most common initial diagnosis for prescribing new oral anticoagulants was 68% of atrial fibrillation. 94% of patients have taken these medicines for a long time. The least adverse effect was apixaban (8 patients), followed by rivaroxaban with 16 patients and most adverse events with dabigatran in 18 patients. Conclusion: Based on epidemiological studies, it is possible to characterize a group of patients using new oral anticoagulants and to optimize the treatment of each patient effectively.
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