Is Alzheimer's disease a type 3 diabetes? A review

Janoutová, Jana; Machaczka, Ondřej; Zatloukalová, Anna; Janout, Vladimí­r

doi:10.21101/cejph.a7238

Cited by 17 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…This number is expected to more than triple by 2050 as the population ages, when the annual cost of dementia in the United States alone could exceed $600 billion. [3,27] Although our understanding of the pathogenesis of AD and the concept of the disease has come long way since 1907, when the first case of Alois Alzheimer was reported, the specific mechanism of the disease is still not particularly well understood. MCI is a widely used term describing the intermediate stage from normal cognitive function to dementia.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[1,2] Alois Alzheimer first described the condition in 1906 when he described the case of Auguste Deter, a 51-year-old woman who suffered from cognitive impairment, disorientation, delusions, and other behavioral changes. [3] Neuropathological assessment of AD reveals diffuse brain atrophy and "specific changes in cortical cell clusters". [4] Dementia is a progressive syndrome of global cognitive impairment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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MRI measurements of brain hippocampus volume in relation to mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Rao,

Gao,

Wang

et al. 2023

Medicine

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Background: This is the first meta-analysis conducted to compare the hippocampal volume measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in healthy normal subjects, mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer disease (AD), and to analyze the relationship between hippocampal volume changes and MCI and AD. Methods: English literatures published from January 2004 to December 2006 were extracted from PubMed, Embase, Wanfang Medical, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure databases. Statistical analysis was carried out with Stata/SE 16.0 software. Results: The smaller the volume of the hippocampus measured by MRI, the more severe the cognitive impairment or AD. Different MRI post-measurement correction methods have different measurement results: Left hippocampal volume measured by MRI Raw volume method is negatively correlated with MCI and AD (OR [odds ratio] = 0.58, 95%CI [confidence interval]: 0.42, 0.75) right hippocampal volume measured was not associated with MCI OR AD (OR = 0.87, 95%CI: 0.56, 1.18); left hippocampal volume measured by MRI total intracranial volume (TIV) Correction was not associated with MCI and AD (OR = 0.90, 95%CI: 0.62, 1.19), measured right hippocampal volume was not associated with MCI OR AD (OR = 0.81, 95%CI: 0.49, 1.12); left hippocampal volume measured by MRI TIV Correction was not associated with MCI and AD (OR = 0.90, 95%CI: 0.62, 1.19), measured right hippocampus volume was negatively associated with MCI and AD (OR = 0.49, 95%CI: 0.35, 0.62). Conclusion: The shrinkage of hippocampus volume is closely related to MCI and AD. MRI measurement of hippocampus volume is not only an auxiliary diagnostic tool for MCI and AD, but also a good prognosis assessment tool.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

MRI measurements of brain hippocampus volume in relation to mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Rao,

Gao,

Wang

et al. 2023

Medicine

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“…The impact of glucose homeostasis on brain functions appears to be so meaningful that pathologies such as Alzheimer's Disease (AD) have been defined as Type 3 Diabetes [28][29][30][31]. Peripheral insulin resistance characterising Type 2 Diabetes and excessive adiposity may greatly contribute to the neuroinflammation and insulin resistance observed in the brain by increasing the production of cytotoxic lipids crossing the blood-brain barrier [16].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rosmarinic Acid Improves Cognitive Abilities and Glucose Metabolism in Aged C57Bl/6N Mice While Disrupting Lipid Profile in Young Adults in a Sex-Dependent Fashion

Musillo,

Giona,

Ristow

et al. 2023

Nutrients

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A growing body of evidence suggests that regular consumption of natural products might promote healthy aging; however, their mechanisms of action are still unclear. Rosmarinic acid (RA) is a polyphenol holding anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and neuroprotective properties. The aim of this study was to characterise the efficacy of an oral administration of RA in promoting healthspan in a mouse model of physiological aging. Aged C57Bl/6 male and female (24-month-old) mice were either administered with RA (500 mg/Kg) or a vehicle in drinking bottles for 52 days while 3-month-old mice receiving the same treatment were used as controls. All subjects were assessed for cognitive abilities in the Morris water maze (MWM) and for emotionality in the elevated-plus maze test (EPM). Brain-derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) protein levels were evaluated in the hippocampus. Since the interaction between metabolic signals and cerebral functions plays a pivotal role in the etiopathogenesis of cognitive decline, the glycaemic and lipid profiles of the mice were also assessed. RA enhanced learning and memory in 24-month-old mice, an effect that was associated to improved glucose homeostasis. By contrast, the lipid profile was disrupted in young adults. This effect was associated with worse glycaemic control in males and with reduced BDNF levels in females, suggesting powerful sex-dependent effects and raising a note of caution for RA administration in young healthy adult subjects.

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“…Support of oral hygiene and health, prevention and diagnosis of periodontal disease are promising approaches in dementia care that have not yet been addressed in multidomain interventions but should receive more attention in the future [ 363 , 367 , 371 , 409 ]. In this context, diabetes mellitus, recently identified as an additional risk factor for the development of AD [ 410 ], should also be mentioned, even though the underlying mechanisms have not yet been clarified [ 411 ]. It is known that there is a bidirectional relationship between the presence of intraoral inflammation, especially periodontitis, and diabetes mellitus [ 412 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interdisciplinary Approaches to Deal with Alzheimer’s Disease—From Bench to Bedside: What Feasible Options Do Already Exist Today?

Ablinger¹,

Dressel

Rott³

et al. 2022

Biomedicines

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Alzheimer’s disease is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases in the western population. The incidence of this disease increases with age. Rising life expectancy and the resulting increase in the ratio of elderly in the population are likely to exacerbate socioeconomic problems. Alzheimer’s disease is a multifactorial disease. In addition to amyloidogenic processing leading to plaques, and tau pathology, but also other molecular causes such as oxidative stress or inflammation play a crucial role. We summarize the molecular mechanisms leading to Alzheimer’s disease and which potential interventions are known to interfere with these mechanisms, focusing on nutritional approaches and physical activity but also the beneficial effects of cognition-oriented treatments with a focus on language and communication. Interestingly, recent findings also suggest a causal link between oral conditions, such as periodontitis or edentulism, and Alzheimer’s disease, raising the question of whether dental intervention in Alzheimer’s patients can be beneficial as well. Unfortunately, all previous single-domain interventions have been shown to have limited benefit to patients. However, the latest studies indicate that combining these efforts into multidomain approaches may have increased preventive or therapeutic potential. Therefore, as another emphasis in this review, we provide an overview of current literature dealing with studies combining the above-mentioned approaches and discuss potential advantages compared to monotherapies. Considering current literature and intervention options, we also propose a multidomain interdisciplinary approach for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease patients that synergistically links the individual approaches. In conclusion, this review highlights the need to combine different approaches in an interdisciplinary manner, to address the future challenges of Alzheimer’s disease.

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Is Alzheimer's disease a type 3 diabetes? A review

Cited by 17 publications

References 21 publications

MRI measurements of brain hippocampus volume in relation to mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis

MRI measurements of brain hippocampus volume in relation to mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Rosmarinic Acid Improves Cognitive Abilities and Glucose Metabolism in Aged C57Bl/6N Mice While Disrupting Lipid Profile in Young Adults in a Sex-Dependent Fashion

Interdisciplinary Approaches to Deal with Alzheimer’s Disease—From Bench to Bedside: What Feasible Options Do Already Exist Today?

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