Introduction. Jehovah’s Witnesses absolutely refuse having blood transfusion performed. The situation is even more difficult when the refusal of blood transfusion concerns a child. Despite existing legal solutions, medical staff experiences value conflicts. Aim. To analyze the opinions of pediatric nurses about problems that may arise in case of Jehovah’s Witnesses refusal of blood transfusion for their child. Material and methods. Quantitative research was based on a diagnostic survey method. The variables were measured with the use of a survey questionnaire co-developed by the authors. A group of 104 pediatric nurses from the South-East Poland participated in the study. Results. To the question “Have you ever encountered the situation throughout all your working career when parents refused their child to undergo a blood treatment due to their beliefs?”, 67.31% (n = 70) of the respondents replied the situation rarely happened. Half of the nurses surveyed (n = 52, 50.02%) admitted they did not accept the position of Jehovah’s Witnesses concerning blood treatment. Most of the nurses surveyed – 87.38% (n = 89) think the existence of procedures on how to proceed in this difficult situation is crucial, and 83% (n = 86) of the respondents admitted that there was no better solution than the already existing legal procedure. Conclusions. The most difficult experience of pediatric nurses in the situation of Jehovah’s Witnesses refusal of blood transfusion for their child is in the opinion of surveyed nurses, endangering the child’s health or even life. Thus, most of the respondents agree that the best solution in that case is to implement a legal procedure that allows blood transfusion despite parents’ refusal.

The concept of "health behaviour" is defined depending on the field of science (psychology, medicine, sociology and pedagogy). The basic determinant of health behaviours among other human behaviours is the fact that they remain consistently indifferent to health. Nowadays, the study of health behaviours is considered an important method of measuring the health status of the population, which is also the basis for planning and evaluation of health education, development of prevention programs and health promotion projects. Factors influencing the shaping of a given behaviour include personal patterns at home, nursery, school, local community, mass media, advertising, etc. Childhood and youth are the periods that determine the

The objective of this paper is to depict the current research directions in veterinarypathologyinEurope.Theanalysiswascarriedoutbasedontheabstractsand agendasoftheannualEuropeanSocietyofVeterinaryPathology(ESVP)congresses organisedtogetherwiththeEuropeanCollegeofVeterinaryPathologists(ECVP) in2010-2016.Intotal,1444presentationswereevaluated,including41plenary lectures, 319 short oral presentations, and 1081 posters, and in 2016 also three scienceslams.Itwasfoundthatinfectiousandparasiticdiseases(467presentations, 32.34%)andoncology(450presentations,31.16%)werethemostcommonlydiscussedtopics.Organpathologywasalsoaddressed(327presentations,22.65%), with the subsequent places taken by research on different topics (140 presentations, 9.70%) and toxicopathology (67 presentations, 4.64%). Among the most commonly presented issues, there was a substantial number of presentations on neurology(129speeches,8.93%)andmammaryglanddiseases(101presentations, 6.99%).Adownwardtrendwasrevealedforinfectiousandparasiticdiseasesand foroncology,andapositivetrendfororganpathology,thefirstandthethirdbeing statisticallysignificant.

STRESZCZENIEWstęp. Wysiłki zmierzające do ograniczenia otyłości przez dietę, ćwiczenia, edukację czy zastosowanie nielicznych leków nie są w stanie, jak dotąd, skutecznie i długofalowo rozwiązać problemu. Jednak stanowią podstawę współczesnych działań w tym obszarze. Cel. Celem pracy był przegląd piśmiennictwa i jego analiza pod kątem wybranych czynników związanych z otyłością u osób dorosłych. Przedstawiono związek między otyłością a czynnikami genetycznymi, zespołem metabolicznym, witaminą D oraz afaminą. Zastosowano metodę analizy piśmiennictwa. Przeglądu literatury dokonano na podstawie danych zawartych w bazie GBL, PubMed, Google Scholar oraz informacji dostępnych na stronach internetowych. Wyniki. Wiedza o nosicielstwie polimorfi zmów i mutacji genów predysponujących do otyłości, wiedza na temat suplementacji witaminy D oraz wiedza na temat nowych badań biochemicznych w otyłości mogą przyczynić się do skuteczniejszego zapobiegania i leczenia otyłości oraz związanych z nią chorób. W zapobieganiu powstawania zespołu metabolicznego i jego powikłań podstawowe znaczenie nieustannie ma zmiana stylu życia z modyfi kacją diety, zwiększeniem aktywności fi zycznej i redukcją masy ciała. Wnioski. Otyłość jest narastającym problemem wysoko rozwiniętych społe czeństw. Poszukiwane są więc nowe sposoby walki z tym problemem, a także nowe sposoby zapobiega nia groźnym powikłaniom, jak zespół metabolicz ny, cukrzyca typu II czy choroby układu krążenia.Słowa kluczowe: otyłość, zespół metaboliczny, czynniki genetyczne, witamina D, afamina.ABSTRACT Introduction. Efforts to reduce obesity through diet, exercise, education or the use of few drugs, so far, have not been able to solve the problem effectively and to a long-term extent. However, they constitute the basis of contemporary activities in this area. Aim. The aim of the study was to review and analyse the literature in terms of selected factors related to obesity in adults. The relationship between obesity and genetic factors, metabolic syndrome, vitamin D and afamine was presented. The literature review method was used. The literature was overviewed on the grounds of data contained in the GBL database, PubMed, Google Scholar and information available on websites. Results. The knowledge of the carrier state of polymorphisms and gene mutations predisposing to obesity, knowledge of vitamin D supplementation and knowledge of new biochemical research on obesity can contribute to more effective prevention and treatment of obesity and the related diseases. In preventing the formation of metabolic syndrome and its complications, the vital and recurring factors are a lifestyle change and diet modifi cation, increase in physical activity and weight reduction. Conclusions. Obesity is a growing problem in highly developed societies. Therefore, new ways to combat the problem, as well as new ways to prevent dangerous complications such as metabolic syndrome, type II diabetes mellitus or cardiovascular diseases are being explored.