Introduction: Dressing problems after stroke are common. There is therefore a need to establish the psychometric properties of appropriate dressing outcome measures for use in clinical practice and research. The Nottingham Stroke Dressing Assessment (NSDA) is a validated assessment of post-stroke dressing ability. This study investigated the interrater reliability of the NSDA and the accompanying dressing error analysis form.Method: Twenty patients with persistent dressing difficulties at 2 weeks post-stroke were recruited to the study. Two research occupational therapists and one clinical occupational therapist acted as raters. They observed all 20 patients during dressing and independently completed the NSDA and error analysis form without discussion.A kappa (κ) test was performed to assess the level of agreement between the three raters on each dressing item assessed.Results: Of the 44 items tested, there was excellent agreement (κ > 0.75) on 29 items, good agreement (κ > 0.6) on 8 items, fair agreement (κ > 0.4) on 5 items and poor agreement (κ <0.4) on 2 items. The intraclass correlation coefficient between the three raters' final percentage score was 0.988, representing excellent agreement. The error analysis form also proved to have interrater agreement.Conclusion: The NSDA and error analysis form can be considered to have psychometrically proven interrater reliability.
Dyslexia has been defined in different ways and it has been around for a long time. TheWorld Federation of Neurologists in 1968 has defined dyslexia as a children who cannot get the good language skills of reading, writing abilities and a children who in condition that conformist classroom experience, achieve the good grade in study.
Motivation and support for academic achievement within STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) education is essential as the related fields expand to include more and more jobs. This chapter aims to provide a new theoretical framework for STEM education focused on UDL, student motivation, and culturally relevant literacy practices as a way to increase diversity in STEM fields that expands to include people of color, people with disabilities, and members of the 2SLGBTQ+ community. Authors explain a new theoretical framework that will enhance STEM motivation and support academic achievement through the use of culturally responsive literacy practices and provide examples of how to engage students using the new theoretical framework in the classroom.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.