Background and Purpose-The association between obesity and atherosclerotic disease is controversial. In the present analysis, we evaluated whether common carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) and area, 2 markers of preclinical atherosclerosis, were increased in obese subjects. Methods-More than 5000 middle-aged women (nϭ5062; age, 30 to 69 years) living in the area of Naples, Southern Italy, were recruited for a prospective, currently ongoing study on the etiology of cardiovascular disease and cancer in the female population (the Progetto ATENA study). A subsample of 310 participants underwent high-resolution B-mode ultrasound examination, and the IMTs, intima-media areas, and lumen diameters of common carotid arteries were measured with a semiautomated computerized program. Subjects were divided into 3 groups on the basis of the recently published obesity guidelines for body mass index (BMI), a marker of general obesity, and tertiles of waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), a marker of regional obesity. Results-Women with a BMI Ն30 kg/m 2 showed higher systolic and diastolic blood pressures, triglycerides, and fasting glucose and insulin, as well as lower high-density lipoprotein concentrations, than subjects with lower BMI. A gradual increase in common carotid IMT and intima-media area was observed when lean women (0.94Ϯ0.01 mm and 19.8Ϯ0.5 mm 2 , respectively) were compared with overweight (0.98Ϯ0.01 mm and 21.0Ϯ0.4 mm 2 ) and obese (1.02Ϯ0.02 mm and 22.6Ϯ0.8 mm 2 , PϽ0.005 for linear trend) individuals. Similarly, women in the highest tertile of WHR (Ͼ0.85) had adverse risk factor profiles and thicker carotid intima-media complex than those in the first 2 tertiles (PϽ0.01 and PϽ0.05 for IMT and intima-media area, respectively). In multivariate analyses, BMI and WHR were significant predictors of carotid wall thickness, independently of other traditional and nontraditional cardiovascular risk factors (age, blood pressure, lipid abnormalities, fasting insulin). Conclusions-The present results indicate a graded and independent association between general and abdominal obesity-reflected by high BMI and WHR-and carotid artery wall thickening in a population of middle-aged women.

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Our study's overall results for EVAR remain encouraging when compared with those of conventional repair, but large randomized trials are required to confirm the efficacy of the procedure.

Our finding that high serum levels of estradiol are associated with clinical evidence of varicose veins and instrumental measurements indicating increased venous distensibility in menopausal women suggests that endogenous estrogens may play a role in the development of this very common venous vessel abnormalities.

Obesity is associated with clinical evidence of varicose veins independently from the influence of sex hormones in postmenopausal women and is not associated with venous capacitance. Increased body weight increases the risk of varicose veins.