The central retinal thickness was significantly higher in the preterm groups than in the full-term group. This subtle macular modification may be related mainly to ROP. Prematurity had only a marginally significant role.

ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the possible structural changes of the macula in patients with unilateral amblyopia using optical coherence tomography (OCT) image segmentation.Patients and Methods38 consecutive patients (16 male; mean age 32.4±17.6 years; range 6–67 years) with unilateral amblyopia were involved in this study. OCT examinations were performed with a time-domain OCT device, and a custom-built OCT image analysis software (OCTRIMA) was used for OCT image segmentation. The axial length (AL) was measured by a LenStar LS 900 device. Macular layer thickness, AL and manifest spherical equivalent refraction (MRSE) of the amblyopic eye were compared to that of the fellow eye. We studied if the type of amblyopia (strabismus without anisometropia, anisometropia without strabismus, strabismus with anisometropia) had any influence on macular layer thickness values.ResultsThere was significant difference between the amblyopic and fellow eyes in MRSE and AL in all subgroups. Comparing the amblyopic and fellow eyes, we found a statistically significant difference only in the thickness of the outer nuclear layer in the central region using linear mixed model analysis keeping AL and age under control (p = 0.032). There was no significant difference in interocular difference in the thickness of any macular layers between the subgroups with one-way between-groups ANCOVA while statistically controlling for interocular difference in AL and age.ConclusionsAccording to our results there are subtle changes in amblyopic eyes affecting the outer nuclear layer of the fovea suggesting the possible involvement of the photoreceptors. However, further studies are warranted to support this hypothesis.

PurposeThe aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of axial length (AL) on the thickness of intraretinal layers in the macula using optical coherence tomography (OCT) image analysis.MethodsFifty three randomly selected eyes of 53 healthy subjects were recruited for this study. The median age of the participants was 29 years (range: 6 to 67 years). AL was measured for each eye using a Lenstar LS 900 device. OCT imaging of the macula was also performed by Stratus OCT. OCTRIMA software was used to process the raw OCT scans and to determine the weighted mean thickness of 6 intraretinal layers and the total retina. Partial correlation test was performed to assess the correlation between the AL and the thickness values.ResultsTotal retinal thickness showed moderate negative correlation with AL (r = -0.378, p = 0.0007), while no correlation was observed between the thickness of the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), ganglion cell layer (GCC), retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and AL. Moderate negative correlation was observed also between the thickness of the ganglion cell layer and inner plexiform layer complex (GCL+IPL), inner nuclear layer (INL), outer plexiform layer (OPL), outer nuclear layer (ONL) and AL which were more pronounced in the peripheral ring (r = -0.402, p = 0.004; r = -0.429, p = 0.002; r = -0.360, p = 0.01; r = -0.448, p = 0.001).ConclusionsOur results have shown that the thickness of the nuclear layers and the total retina is correlated with AL. The reason underlying this could be the lateral stretching capability of these layers; however, further research is warranted to prove this theory. Our results suggest that the effect of AL on retinal layers should be taken into account in future studies.

PGL measured 180 minutes after GC may define an important subgroup of pre-diabetic children. The similar prevalance of CRF in both praediabetic groups underlines the importance of this subgroup. Lifestyle modification for two years improves CRF in this population.

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Purpose Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia (CPEO) is a rare mitochondrial myopathy characterized by slowly progressive paralysis of the extraocular muscles with onset around the age of 20. Patients usually experience bilateral ptosis before developing symmetric, multidirectional external ophthalmoplegia. Methods 31‐year‐old woman with 10 year history of slowly progressive paralysis of the extraocular muscles was referred to our institute. Every action of extraocular muscles was reduced in both eyes. She could not adduct and elevate, there was only a slight abduction and depression function in both eyes. Patient had no ptosis or exophthalmus. BCVA was 20/20 in both eye. Slit lamp examination was normal. Dilated funduscopic examination revealed slight pigment disturbance in the periphery. Visual field and color vision tests were normal. Electroretinography showed lower borderline scotopic b‐wave amplitudes. Laboratory tests showed increased lactic acid and creatine phosphokinase values. The results of liver and kidney function, autoimmun and serologic tests were normal. All thyroid function tests yielded negative results. Urinalysis, chest x‐ray, heart ultrasound, brain and orbital magnetic resonance, nasal sinus CT scans were normal. Tensilon test excluded myasthenia gravis. Results We considered the case as CPEO clinically, mitochondrial DNA analysis is in process. Conclusion In CPEO, slowly progressive paralysis of the extraocular muscles may develop without ptosis. A careful differential diagnosis is very important.

The prevalence of allergic diseases has been increasing recently. Allergy has various symptoms. Allergic eye diseases (seasonal and perennial allergic conjunctivitis, vernal keratoconjunctivitis, atopic keratoconjunctivitis, giant papillary conjunctivitis, contact blepharoconjunctivitis) are common in atopic patients. Treatment options for allergic conjunctivitis include local and systemic antihistamines, mast cell stabilizers, dual-action agents, vasoconstrictors and corticosteroids. Treatment seems easy, but inappropriate therapy – in extreme cases – can lead to vision loss. Corticosteroid eyedrops provide effective relief of symptoms, however, their use is limited due to their severe side effects. Both steroid-induced cataract and steroid-induced glaucoma are dangerous for vision. The characteristics, frequency and risks of these side effects have been studied widely in adults, but there are very few studies focused on children. According to the present studies, the side effects of topically administered corticosteroids appear more often in children than in adults. Orv Hetil. 2019; 160(9): 329–337.

Bevezetés: A 0–18 éves korosztály testi-lelki egészsége meghatározó a társadalom egészére nézve. A zavartalan látásfejlődés biztosítása a szülő, a gyermek, a pedagógus, a védőnő és az orvos együttes feladata. Fontos láncszem a védőnő a családok és az orvosi ellátás között, mert elsőként észlelhet olyan látószervi eltérést, amelyet majd a gyermekgyógyász, a szemész vagy a neurológus kezelhet. A csapatmunka nyertese szintén egy közösség, mert a látás megőrzésén túl esélyt kap a gyermek a megfelelően támogatott testi és szellemi fejlődésre is. Célkitűzés: Felmérni, hogy napjainkban a védőnők milyen szemészeti elváltozások kiszűrésére végzik a látásvizsgálatokat, és milyen eszközök állnak ehhez rendelkezésükre. A tanácsadó munkát kiegészítik-e oktatóvideókkal, illetve nyitottak-e továbbképzésen való részvételre. Módszer: Anonim, önkéntes, online kérdőívek segítségével gyakorló védőnőket kérdeztünk, milyen eltérésekre fókuszálnak, milyen módszereket használnak. Adatokat gyűjtöttünk arról, hogy beépültek-e a betegtájékoztató oktatóvideók ajánlásai a védőnők ellátási fegyvertárába, illetve milyen támogatást tartanának előnyösnek a szemészeti szakma részéről. Eredmények: Az eredmények szerint a látószervi szűrővizsgálatok csecsemőkorban a kancsalság, míg iskoláskorban a fénytörési hibák felismerését célozzák. Általában sztereotesztek és olvasótáblák rendelkezésre állnak, de pupillalámpák kevésbé. Az oktatóvideókat kevesen használják, de jelentős érdeklődés mutatkozik posztgraduális szemészeti továbbképzés iránt. Következtetés: A megkérdezett védőnők látásszűrő tevékenysége nagy vonalakban tükrözi a legutóbbi szakmai ajánlásokat, de több területen vannak bizonytalanságok. A védőnői felmérés alapján szabadon választható, jelenléti és online oktatási anyagot állítottunk össze a védőnők posztgraduális képzésére, mely pontszerző továbbképzésként nyilvántartásba került. Orv Hetil. 2023; 164(3): 88–95.