The aim of our research work was to study changes in the level of hormones of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland in mice of both sexes in different variants of the B16/F10 melanoma growth. BALB/c Nude mice (n=84) of both sexes were divided into groups as follows: intact males and females (n=14); a reference group of mice of both sexes with standard subcutaneous B16/F10 melanoma inoculation (n=14); the main group of mice (n=14) where B16/F10 melanoma and Lewis carcinoma were inoculated into the mice sequentially subcutaneously on two sides: one on the left side, the other on the right side. At the terminal stage of the tumor growth, with ELISA using standard kits in 1% hypothalamic tissue homogenates we determined contents of releasing hormones as follows: corticotropic hormone (CRH), thyrotropic hormone (TRH), gonadotropic hormone (GnRH), somatotropic hormone (STH-R); in the pituitary with RIA determined were TSH, LH, FSH and ACTH (Immunotech, Czech Republic). Results. In males and females of both groups, the level of TRH in the hypothalamus decreased by 9-3.7 times, and only in females of the main group, the level of TSH in the pituitary gland increased by 2.8 times. Other releasing peptides in the hypothalamus of females increased by 1.9-6 times, while in males they decreased by 1.4-7 times. In the pituitary gland in males of both groups, the level of LH increased by 1.3-1.4 times and ACTH by 2.5-4 times, but FSH decreased by 7.8-13.6 times. In females, the level of FSH and ACTH in the pituitary gland decreased by 1.5 times – 1.8 times (р˂0.05), only in the main group the content of TSH increased by 2.8 times and only in the reference group LH by 1.6 times (р˂0.05). Conclusion. With the development of B16/F10 melanoma, there was a sex-dependent dysfunction of the hypothalamic-pituitary tract. Changes in the concentrations of GnRH, CRH, and STH-R in the hypothalamus in different directions in males and females indicate different mechanisms of hormonal imbalance in response to the growth of a malignant tumor.
It is well-known that non-IPR fullerenes are highly unstable. For this reason, they cannot be obtained as pristine fullerenes; however, some of them become stable as derivatives (exohedral or endohedral). In this article, we attempted to elucidate in detail molecular structure for such a non-IPR fullerene. Using theoretical approach supported by DFT calculations, the features of molecular structure of isomer 17894 (C1) of fullerene C76 with data about distribution of single, double and delocalized π-bonds as well its structural formula has been determined for the first time. The instability of the studied fullerene molecule caused by its open-shell structure and significant local overstrains related to the high folding angle value of pentagons in pentalene fragment. The supposed synthesis of the endohedral molecule starts with the ionic pair formation, i.e. anionic fragment of fullerene cage and metal cation electrostatically bound with it. It would lead to closing of open electron shell of fullerene and local overstrain release at pentalene fragment. As to the exohedral derivatives the probable positions of addends are discussed. Both methods in their own demonstrate the possibilities to stabilize the molecule of the C76 isomer 17894. The elucidation and analysis of structural features along with electronic characteristics of non-IPR fullerene molecules appear to be useful for predicting the possibility of their synthesis as derivatives and will assist in determination of their reactivity. This will ensure the targeted production of fullerenes and their derivatives for the needs of medicine, electronics and other industries. The fundamental knowledge of the properties of nanoobjects, namely fullerenes, is actually developing as the independent direction with a long-term perspective.
e17621 Background: An imbalance of sex hormones in endometrial cancer (EC) towards hyperestrogenism together with progesterone deficiency is considered to stimulate proliferation and suppress endometrial apoptosis. EC with squamous metaplasia is characterized by a more severe clinical course and the lack of an adequate response to standard treatment. The purpose of this study was to analyze the local hormonal profiles of tumors with squamous metaplasia in patients with obesity. Methods: The main group included 20 EC patients with squamous metaplasia, and control group included 35 patients with endometrioid adenocarcinoma: T1-3N0-1M0, mean age 64±3.2 years. Intact endometrial tissues were obtained during surgical treatment of patients with uterine fibroids (n = 20). All patients gave their written informed consent for the study. Levels of estradiol (E2), estrone (E1), testosterone (T), progesterone (P4), estrogen receptors ERα and ERβ, progesterone receptor RP4 and androgen receptors RA were measured by ELISA in samples of tumor and peritumoral (PT) tissues. Statistical processing of results was performed using the Statistica 10. Results: Tumor tissues of patients with EC, regardless of the histological structure, showed higher levels of estrogens and androgens and their receptors, compared with the intact endometrium, without significant changes in levels of progesterone and its receptor. In the main group, compared with the control group, E1 levels in tumors were lower by 1.6 times, E2 by 1.3 times (p < 0.05), but T higher by 2.4 times, ERα by 1.7 times, ERβ by 1.5 times (p < 0.05). PT, compared with the intact endometrium, had lower levels of E1 and E2 by 2 times and 1.5 times, P4 by 5.1 times, and T was lower only in PT with squamous metaplasia by 2.8 times. Levels of all steroid hormone receptors in PT were higher, regardless of the histological type of tumors. In PT of the main group, levels of E1 were 1.3 times lower (p < 0.05) than in controls, P4 – by 2.2 times, T – by 2.8 times, RP4 – by 1.7 times and ERβ by 1.8 times (p < 0.05), but ERα was 3.2 times higher. Conclusions: Tumors with squamous metaplasia, compared with endometrioid adenocarcinoma, are characterized by an imbalance of steroid hormones towards the predominance of androgens, and ERα plays a dominant role among estrogen receptors. The tumor probably synthesizes sex steroids independently and also pumps them over from the surrounding area. At the same time, malignant endometrial tumors, regardless of their histological structure, are more saturated with estrogens, androgens and their receptors, compared with the intact endometrium.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.