During winter, snow and ice on roads in regions with cold weather can increase traffic crashes and casualties, resulting in travel delays and financial burdens to society. Anti‐icing or deicing the roads can serve a cost‐effective method to significantly reduce such risks. Although traditionally the main priorities of winter road maintenance (WRM) have been level of service, cost‐effectiveness, and corrosion reduction, it is increasingly clear that understanding the environmental impacts of deicers is vital. One of the most important problems in this regard is environmental contamination caused by cumulative use of deicers, which has many detrimental effects on the aquatic systems. Among the deicers, the chloride‐based ones raise the most toxicological concerns because they are highly soluble, can migrate quickly in the environment and have cumulative effects over time. In this review, we summarize and organize existing data, including the latest findings about the adverse effects of deicers on surface water and groundwater, aquatic species, and human health, and identify future research priorities. In addition, the data provided can be used to develop a framework for quantifying some of the variables that stakeholders and agencies use when preparing guidelines and standards for WRM programs. Practitioner points Pollution from the increasing use of roadway deicers may have detrimental effects on the environment. Of particular concern are the acute and cumulative risks that chloride salts pose to aquatic species. Chloride salts are water‐soluble, very difficult to remove, highly mobile, and non‐degradable. Deicers cause water stratification, change the chemicophysical properties of water, and affect aquatic species and human health. Current guidelines may not be appropriate for environmental protection and need to be revised.
A review of the available literature data of some authors on the medicinal value of plants of the genera Elaeagnus and Shepherdia (Sehepherdia) of the Elaeagnaceae family is carried out to identify the current state and degree of knowledge of this theme, as well as to systematize this information. The article discusses the properties and medical uses of such species as Elaeagnus angustifolia, Elaeagnus argentea, Elaeagnus multiflora and Shepherdia argentea. Parts of these plants used in medical practice, their chemical composition, useful characteristics, and diseases, in the treatment of which it is reasonable to use medicines obtained from the plants which are being studied, are described. Then are given existing medicines obtained from the considered species, their characteristics and application are discribed. Also article includes the basics of cultural practice of Elaeagnus and shepherdia. Species of the Elaeagnaceae family are very valuable for world medicine.
Particulate matter (PM) pollution is associated with adverse effects on human health and the environment. There is no designated PM 2.5 emission factor for horizontal grain conveyors. Instead, in Washington state, the air permitting agency uses an emission factor for headhouse and grain handling operations to issue permits. There is concern that this factor does not accurately represent the conveyor operations and limits the size and operation of wheat pile facilities. The primary goal of this work was to estimate the PM 2.5 emission rate (which can further be converted to an emission factor) from wheat conveying operations at a large wheat pile storage facility in eastern Washington using an atmospheric tracer ratio method, with CO 2 gas as the tracer. The field study results yield an emission rate of 5.2 � 1.7 grams of PM 2.5 per hour and these emissions are due to the transfer point from an upper belt to a lower belt. This rate is approximately 320 times lower than the emission rate for headhouse operations which has been used previously to represent conveyor operations. The emission rate was in relatively good agreement with results of an inverse Gaussian plume model calculation of emissions using measured ambient PM 2.5 levels at a very short distance downwind of the transfer point. A consistent PM 2.5 to tracer gas ratio over the tests showed that PM 2.5 and CO 2 disperse in a similar manner and confirmed that the CO 2 tracer release was a reliable simulation of the PM 2.5 pollutant source over distances involved in the study (less than 10 meters). The results also indicate a need for the Environmental Protection Agency to develop a designated PM 2.5 emission factor for wheat conveyance.Implications: There are presently no emission factors available for large wheat pile storage facilities where wheat is transferred via long horizontal conveyor belts. As a result, local and state permitting agencies use emission factors for other types of grain handling systems. In this paper, we report the first measurements of PM 2.5 emission rates (that can further be converted to emission factors using a known grain rate on the conveyor) for horizontal grain conveyors used at wheat pile storage facilities. The measured emission rate is much less than the emission rate derived from the surrogate emission factor currently used for permit purposes. This has implications for the size and operation of wheat pile storage facilities.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.