1 ФГБУ «Национальный исследовательский центр эпидемиологии и микробиологии имени Н. Ф. Гамалеи» Минздрава России, Москва 2 ФБУЗ «Центр гигиены и эпидемиологии в городе Москве», Москва Иммунологическая восприимчивость населения мегаполиса к кори на этапе ее элиминации Резюме Актуальность. В условиях высокого охвата населения профилактическими прививками против кори (более 90%, по данным официальной статистики), в последние годы наблюдается осложнение эпидемической ситуации по этой инфекции, что диктует необходимость углубленного изучения причин и факторов, способствовавших росту заболеваемости. Целью исследования являлась оценка восприимчивости населения Москвы к кори на основании данных об охвате профилактическими прививками в плановом порядке и по эпидемическим показаниям. Материалы и методы. Для достижения поставленной цели были использованы эпидемиологический, статистический методы и ГИС-технологии; создана электронная база данных материалов санитарно-эпидемиологического расследования в очагах кори. Результаты. Показана практическая применимость предложенного подхода, выявлены группы риска по заболеваемости корью. В связи с низким охватом профилактическими прививками в плановом порядке и по эпидемическим показаниям (в сравнении с данными официальной статистики) наиболее уязвимыми в отношении кори являются возрастные группы от года до двух лет и от трех до шести лет. В этих возрастных группах охват вакцинацией (в плановом порядке и по эпидемическим показаниям) наименьший среди всего обследованного населения -55,9%, 10,8% и 75,3%, 40% соответственно. Среди взрослого населения было выявлено уменьшение охвата профилактическими прививками по мере увеличения возраста -от 81,3% в возрастной группе 20-35 лет до 51,0% в возрастной группе 36 лет и старше (2015 г.). При помощи ГИС-технологии показана возможность визуализации процесса распространения заболевания в конкретный период времени на определенной территории наблюдаемого города. Заключение. По результатам работы установлено, что ситуация по кори в Москве сохраняется напряженной. Существует необходимость коррекции мероприятий по вакцинации населения с целью увеличения охвата прививками в отдельных возрастных группах, а также коррекции статистического учета фактов вакцинации. Ключевые слова: восприимчивость населения, популяционный иммунитет, охват населения профилактическими прививками, вакцинопрофилактика, вакцинальные неудачи, корь Конфликт интересов не заявлен. Для цитирования: Ноздрачева А. В., Семененко Т. А., Асатрян М. Н. и др. Иммунологическая восприимчивость населения мегаполиса к кори на этапе ее элиминации. Эпидемиология и Вакцинопрофилактика. 2019; 18 (1): 18-26. https://Abstract Relevance. In the context of high coverage of the population with preventive measles vaccination (more than 90% according to official statistics), in recent years there has been a complication of the epidemic situation for this infection, which necessitates an in-depth study of the causes and factors that contributed to the increase in morbidity. The aim of the study was to ...
This article presents the concept of a robotic system for aliquoting of biomaterial, consisting of a serial manipulator in combination with a parallel Delta-like robot. The paper describes a mathematical formulation for approximating the geometric constraints of the parallel robot as a set of solutions to a system of nonlinear inequalities. The analysis of the workspace is carried out, taking into account singularity zones, using a method based on the analysis of the Jacobian matrix of the mechanism and the interference of links. An optimal design procedure is proposed for the dimensional synthesis based on a criterion for maximizing the volume of the workspace, taking into account the ambiguity of the solution of the inverse kinematics. Simulation results are reported and discussed to propose a suitable design solution.
Background: The significant reduction of measles and rubella morbidity and child mortality, which allowed WHO to set a target for their elimination by 2010, is one of the finest examples of the vaccine prevention effectiveness in the fight against infectious diseases. However, in the period from 2010 to 2019 there was a controversial situation with respect to measles, characterized by the presence of high vaccination coverage of the population on the one hand, and an increase in the incidence on the other. Obviously, the key point in resolving these contradictions is to analyze the susceptibility of the population. Aim: Of the study was to assess the susceptibility of Moscow population to measles in the context of factors affecting its formationю. Methods: Epidemiological, serological, statistical methods and GIS technologies were used in the work. The serological study (using the solid-phase ELISA method) included 2410 blood serum samples collected between 2013 and 2017 from healthy residents of Moscow aged from birth to 60 years. On the basis of documents on sanitary and epidemic investigation of measles cases in Moscow (20132015) a relational database under the management of MySQL Database Management System was formed, based on the analysis of which the coverage of the population with preventive vaccinations was estimated. Results: Оn average, the proportion of seronegative persons to measles in 20162017, compared with 20132014 (20.5%) increased and amounted to 29.0% mainly due to the group over 36 years. The most vulnerable were children aged 12 years and 36 years, where the share of the immune persons amounted to 51,5% and 37.9%, respectively, at low coverage in a planned manner (55,9% [95% CI, 52.2 per cent; of 59.5%] and 75,3% [95% CI, 73.3 per cent; for 77.2%]). The proportion of vaccinated persons who lost post-vaccination immunity under the influence of factors preventing its formation (from 3.6% to 21.6% in the group of 714 years; from 11.8% to 26.4% in the group of 1517 years) was calculated. The possibility of visualizing the spread of measles on electronic maps for the territorial and temporal analysis of the epidemic situation is shown. Conclusions: It is reasonable to assume that over the time, the proportion of people who have suffered measles will decrease, and the proportion of people not covered by vaccination or lost post-vaccination immunity - increase, that can lead to a decrease in herd immunity and requires correction of vaccination work. The proposed information and analytical system for monitoring the epidemiological situation allows to work quickly with heterogeneous resources and choose on electronic maps the area of interest from the global level (country) to the local (house), which is necessary for the adoption of scientifically based preventive and epidemiological measures.
The aim of the study was to determine the role of foreign citizens registered in Moscow region, in the maintenance of the epidemic process of measles, rubella and mumps based on the basis of their susceptibility to these infections and compare with the control group (residents of the Russia Central Federal District - donors of blood). Materials and methods. Examination included 909 samples of blood sera obtained from migrant workers and 939 blood donors (residents of the Central Federal district of Russia) which were tested for the presence of antibodies (IgG) to measles, rubella and mumps with the help of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results. Average relative density of seronegative persons among the surveyed migrants and donors to rubella virus ranged from 6.6 to 9.8%, the measles virus - 13.5 and 16.5%, respectively, statistically significant distinctions in groups were not established. The proportion of seronegative persons to mumps virus twice and more exceeded the standard documentation level among migrants and donors (32.5 and 47.5% respectively). Conclusion. There was a significant excess of the permissible level of seronegative persons to the measles, rubella and mumps viruses among migrant workers and blood donors, which creates preconditions for maintenance of epidemic process and dictates the necessity of carrying out the corrective vaccination (or revaccination) of non-immune persons
Measles is one of the preventable infections that does not lose its relevance to this day. In Russia, as well as throughout the world, waves of an increase in the incidence of measles are still being recorded, so in 2019 the maximum incidence rate over the past 20 years (3.05 %ооо) was noted. According to the current Measles Elimination Program of the Russian Federation, each case of this infection is subject to investigation, based on the results of which the epidemiologist organizes measures to prevent its spread in the outbreak. The main anti-epidemic measures in this case are isolation of the patient (at home or in a hospital according to clinical indications) and vaccination of persons in contact with him who need it. Thus, in order to prevent the occurrence of secondary cases, it is necessary to determine the vaccination and infectious history of all persons in contact with the sick person and vaccinate them no later than the seventh day from the moment the outbreak was registered. To date, it is difficult to generalize data from investigations of measles cases, despite their value for epidemiological diagnosis and the development of epidemiological surveillance (ES) tactics. The aim of the work was to improve the information support for the investigation of measles cases by creating and analyzing a database. The authors proposed a method for summarizing and analyzing the results of the investigation of measles cases using the formation of a database. For this purpose, about 1000 acts and reports on the results of the investigation of measles foci (on paper) registered in Moscow in the period from 2013 to 2015 were analyzed. The data contained in these documents is entered into the database, systematized in separate blocks and processed by the appropriate software for the purpose of their subsequent accumulation, storage and analysis. Based on the results of the work, the age composition of measles patients was analyzed. It was found that children under 18 years of age were more likely to have this infection, while the largest share among them was in persons aged 3–6 (32.4 %) and 7–14 years (25.0 %). The use of the database made it possible to confirm the high epidemiological effectiveness of the measles vaccine — the protection factor (E) was 86 %. Using the database, it was found that adults aged 20–35 years old were most actively vaccinated in measles foci (vaccination coverage was 57.7 %). With the threat of this infection, only 25.9 % of children (under 17 years old) who needed vaccination agreed to be vaccinated, and the percentage of refusals varied from 69.8 % in the age group up to two years old to 42.3 % in the group 20–35 years old.
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