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Background-Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38-MAPK) have been shown to regulate various cellular processes, including cell growth, proliferation, and apoptosis in the heart. However, the function of these signaling pathways in the control of cardiac contractility is unclear. Here, we characterized the contribution of ERK1/2 and p38-MAPK to the inotropic effect of endothelin-1 (ET-1). Methods and Results-In isolated perfused rat hearts, infusion of ET-1 (1 nmol/L) for 10 minutes increased contractility and phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and their downstream target p90 ribosomal S6 kinase (p90RSK). Suppression of ERK1/2 activation prevented p90RSK phosphorylation and attenuated the inotropic effect of ET-1. Pharmacological inhibition of epidermal growth factor receptor kinase activity abolished ET-1-induced epidermal growth factor receptor transactivation and ERK1/2 and p90RSK phosphorylation and reduced ET-1-mediated inotropic response. Moreover, inhibition of the p90RSK target Na ϩ -H ϩ exchanger 1 attenuated the inotropic effect of ET-1. In contrast to ERK1/2 signaling, suppression of p38-MAPK activity further augmented ET-1-enhanced contractility, which was accompanied by increased phosphorylation of phospholamban at Ser-16. Conclusions-MAPKs play opposing roles in the regulation of cardiac contractility in that the ERK1/2-mediated positive inotropic response to ET-1 is counterbalanced by simultaneous activation of p38-MAPK. Hence, selective activation of ERK1/2 signaling and inhibition of p38-MAPK signaling may represent novel means to support cardiac function in

Increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been linked to the pathogenesis of congestive heart failure. However, emerging evidence suggests the involvement of ROS in the regulation of various physiological cellular processes in the myocardium. In this review, we summarize the latest findings regarding the role of ROS in the acute regulation of cardiac contractility. We discuss ROS-dependent modulation of the inotropic responses to G protein-coupled receptor agonists (e.g. β-adrenergic receptor agonists and endothelin-1), the potential cellular sources of ROS (e.g. NAD(P)H oxidases and mitochondria) and the proposed end-targets and signalling pathways by which ROS affect contractility. Accumulating new data supports the fundamental role of endogenously generated ROS to regulate cardiac function under physiological conditions.

Increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been linked to the pathogenesis of congestive heart failure. However, emerging evidence suggests the involvement of ROS in the regulation of various physiological cellular processes in the myocardium. In this review, we summarize the latest findings regarding the role of ROS in the acute regulation of cardiac contractility. We discuss ROS-dependent modulation of the inotropic responses to G protein-coupled receptor agonists (e.g. b-adrenergic receptor agonists and endothelin-1), the potential cellular sources of ROS (e.g. NAD(P)H oxidases and mitochondria) and the proposed end-targets and signalling pathways by which ROS affect contractility. Accumulating new data supports the fundamental role of endogenously generated ROS to regulate cardiac function under physiological conditions.

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